Collective Labor Relations Reform

ืขื•”ื“ ื–ืื‘ ืคืจื‘ืจ

ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื:       

 1. ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ืกื“ืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื™ื—ืกื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”

2. ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื™ื

3. ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื™ื

4. ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ืช ื•ื ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืœืขื“ื™

5. ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ

6. ื“ื™ื ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื’ื‘ืœื™ื ืขืกืงื™ื™ื

7. ืฉื‘ื™ืชื”

8. ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื”

9. ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื•ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ื—ืœืงื™ื•ืช

10. ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช

11. ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืชื”

12. ื ื–ืงื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื•ื—ืกื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื‘ืชื™ื

13. ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™

14. ืขืชื™ื“ื ืฉืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”

15. ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืžื™ื ื•ื”ืžืกืงื ื•ืช

 

        1. ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ืกื“ืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื™ื—ืกื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”

ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื™ื—ืกื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืžืงืจื” ืคืจื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื—ื•ื–ื™ื™ื[1] – ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื—ื•ื–ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ืกื“ืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื. ืื•ืœื ืœื—ื•ื–ื” ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ื”ืกื“ืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื—ื•ื–ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”[2].

ื—ื•ื–ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ื–ื” ืžืชื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ืืจื•ื›ื”. ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ืœื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืืš ืœืจื•ื‘ ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ ืชื”ื™ื” ื›ื‘ื“ื” ื•ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืขืœื•ืช ื›ื–ืืช ืœืžืขื‘ื™ื“. ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืฉื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื• ืžื•ืคืกืง ืžืจืฆื•ื ื• ืื• ืฉืœื ืžืจืฆื•ื ื•, ื™ื™ืฉืืจ ืœืœื ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ืขื“ ืœืžืฆื™ืืช ืžืงื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื—ื“ืฉ. ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื•ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืžื ื• ื”ืฉืงืขื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ื”ืกื‘ื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ื•ื‘ื”ืขืชืงืช ืžืงื•ื ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื•.

ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ืžืฆื™ื“ื• ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื—ืคืฉ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื—ืœื•ืคื™ ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ื”ื›ืฉืจืชื•. ืœืžืขื˜ ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืื• ื‘ืขืœ ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืื• ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื, ื”ืคืกืงืช ื—ื•ื–ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื‘ืžืคืขืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื ืชื›ื‘ื™ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“.

ืœื›ืŸ ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืกืงื” ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ ื”ืžื—ืœื™ืฃ ืžืงื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืขืœื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืกืงื” ืœืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ื”ืžื—ืœื™ืฃ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ื•ื“ื“. ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ื ื—ืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืœืžืขื‘ื™ื“, ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื•ืื™ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืžืฆื“ื™ืง ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.

ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ืช (ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืงืœืืกื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื”) ืฉืคื™ื” ืขืœ ืœื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืื›ื™ืคืชื•, ืœืžืขื˜ ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืคื’ื•ืžื™ื ื•ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืฉืœื’ื‘ื™ื”ื ื“ื™ื ื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืื™ื ื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืชืจื•ืคื” ืœืฆื“ ื”ื ืคื’ืข ืžื”ื”ืคืจื”. ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ื ื•ืชื ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื˜ ื•ืžืขื ื™ืงื” ืชื•ืงืฃ ืื›ื™ืฃ ืœืจืฆื•ื ื•.

ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ื’ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ืื—ืจืช, ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช, ืœื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข ืืžืฆืขื™ ื™ืฆื•ืจ, ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ืžืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื’ืžื•ืจื™ื, ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืฆืจื›ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืจืง ื‘ื“ืจืš ืขืงื™ืคื™ืช. ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืข”ื™ ื”ื•ืกืคืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื”ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื’ืžื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืชืงื‘ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื•ืกืคืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉืžืกืคืงื™ื ืืช ืฆืจื›ื™ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื. ืœื›ื ืžื™ ืฉื ื”ื ื” ืžืืžืฆืขื™ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื–ื” ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื ื•ืœื ืžื™ ืฉืฉื•ืœื˜ ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคื™ื–ื™ (ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื) ืื• ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช (ืžืขื‘ื™ื“)[3]. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืฉืชื•ืช ื›ื•ืก ืงืคื” ืื ื™ ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ื‘ืžื˜ืข ืงืคื” ื‘ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ, ื‘ืื ื™ื™ืช ืžืฉื ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื—ืจื•ืฉืช ืœืงืœื•ื™ ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ืงืคื”. ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ (ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื) ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช (ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขื‘ื™ื“) ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื (ื›ืœื›ืœืช ื”ืฉื•ืง) ืœืฉื ืกื™ืคื•ืง ืฆืจื›ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื (ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื).

ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื›ื–ืืช ื ืจืื™ืช ืœื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆื•ื“ืงืช ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ื ืฉื•ืืคื™ื ืœื—ืกืœื”. ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืฉืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช – ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”[4] ื•ื”ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ืžื ื•ืฃ ืœื”ืขื ืงืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื›ื–ืืช ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื[5].

ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื›ืจื™ืขื• ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืข”ื™ ืžืชืŸ ื”ื’ื ื” ื—ื•ืงืชื™ืช ืœืงื ื™ื™ืŸ. ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื—ืงื™ืงืช ื—ื•ืง ื™ืกื•ื“: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืื“ื ื•ื—ื™ืจื•ืชื•. ืก’ 3 ืœื—ื•ืง ืื•ืกืจ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืงื ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื, ืœืžืขื˜ ื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื (ืก’ 8 ืœื—ื•ืง). ื”ื’ื ื” ืœืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœืื—ืจ ื—ืงื™ืงืช ื—ื•ืง ื™ืกื•ื“: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืื“ื ื•ื—ื™ืจื•ืชื• ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžื–ื• ืฉื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™, ืœืžืฉืœ[6]. ื–ื›ื•ืช ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื–ื” ื”ืชืคืจืฉื” ืข”ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื”. “ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืžื™ืขื”, ื›ืขืงืจื•ืŸ, ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช, ืื• ืฉืœื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืงื ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ืจืฆื•ื ื•”[7].

ื—ืงื™ืงืช ื—ื•ืง ื”ื™ืกื•ื“: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืื“ื ื•ื—ื™ืจื•ืชื• ืœื ืฉื™ื ืชื” ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืžื•ืคืจื–ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ื–ื•ื›ื•ืช ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื•ื”ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื•ืžื•ืฆืื•ืช ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื•ื–ืŸ ืงืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” (ืจืื” ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื 2 ื•- 5).

ื”ื”ืกื“ืจื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื ืžืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื. ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœื›ื ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืชืขืจื‘ ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื›ืคืจื˜ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืขื‘ื™ื“. ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืกื“ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื• ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ืœืžืกืงื ื•ืช ืžืคืชื™ืขื•ืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื–ืืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื”ืกื“ืจื™ื ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื‘ื”ืกื“ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™.

ืื™ ืฉื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื— ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ื ืขืœื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืืช ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืœืงืจืืช ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืื—ื“[8]. ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืงืฉืจ ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™, ืืฉืจ ื™ื—ื•ืœ ืขืœ ื›ืœืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ืžืคืขืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืฉืง ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื— ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœื”ื, ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืจื•ื‘ ืžืื•ืจื’ืŸ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” – ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื”.

2. ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื™ื

ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ืฉืขืกืงื• ื‘ื ื•ืฉื, ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ืื™ื ื ื• ืชื•ืจื ืœื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช,  ืืœื ื ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืฉื•ืง ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœืงืจื˜ืœ ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžืฉื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ[9]. ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื™ืฆืข ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื›ืš ืฉืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืฉื ื”ื•ืจื“ืช ืฉื›ืจ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.

ืžืชืŸ ื›ื•ื— ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื•ืขื™ืœ ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื. ืื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืชืขืœืžื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœื•ืคื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื”ืขืกืงืชื ื‘ืฉืœ ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืกืงื” ืฉื‘ื”ื—ืœืคืช ืžืงื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื”ืžืฉื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื™ืจื“ื• ืžืชื—ืช ืœืจืžื” ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ืช. ื›ืš ื–ื” ืื ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื (ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื’ืžืœืื•ืช) ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืงื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื™ื’ืจื•ื ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื ื™ื›ืจื•ืช, ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืชื ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉื‘ืžืคืขืœ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ืื• ื‘ืฉืœ ืงืฉืจื™ื ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืœืงื”ื™ืœื”  ืื• ืœืื–ื•ืจ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื, ื”ืžืขืกื™ืง ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื›ื•ื— ืžื•ื ื•ืคืกื•ื ื™[10]. ืื– ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ืฉื›ืจ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืจืžื” ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ืช. ืžืชืŸ ื›ื•ื— ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื•ืœื”ืขืœื•ืชื• ืขื“ ืœืจืžื” ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ืช.

ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื‘ืžืื” 19 ื•ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ืจืžืช ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ืžื•ื›ื”, ื ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืžืกื—ืจื™ืช ื‘ืฉืœ ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ื‘ืœื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืจื™ืคื”. ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžืฉืงืœื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืคื•ื—ืช. ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื™ื, ืžืฉื›ื•ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ืขื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืฆืžื ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืฆืžืื™ื™ื ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ื™ื”ื. ื‘ื”ืชืื ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื’ื“ืœ ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืื™ื ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื™ื ื ื—ืœืฉื•ืช.

ืขื ืฉื™ื›ืœื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื’ื“ืœ ืฉื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื ื•ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื, ื›ืš ืฉืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื•”ืž ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ืื—ื“.

ืžืื™ื“ืš ื’ื ืœืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื”ืžื•ืขืกืง ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš ื’ื‘ื•ื”, ื•ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ื“ื•-ืฆื“ื“ื™. ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชื›ืจ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืจืžื” ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขืกืงืชื ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ืฉื›ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžื”ืฉื›ืจ ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื’ื ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš ืชื•ืš ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืฉื›ืจื• ืžืขืœ ืœืฉื›ืจ ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื•ืœืงืจืืช ืกื™ื•ืžื”[11]. ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื•ืชื™ืงื™ื ืฉืคื™ืชื—ื• ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืœืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ื”ื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“[12].

ืžืชืŸ ื›ื•ื— ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืคื•ืชืจ ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืืš ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช. ื ื•ืฆืจืช ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ื“ื•-ืฆื“ื“ื™ ื•ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ืฉื”ื™ืฆืข ื™ื’ื™ืข ืœืจืžื” ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ืช, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืžืฉื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื™ืขืœื•[13].

ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืฆืข ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืžืื•ืจื’ืŸ. ื”ืžืฉื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืฉืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื™ืืœืฆื• ืืช ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ื›ื•ื— ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื”ื•ืŸ[14] ืื• ืœื—ืคืฉ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื”ื•ื–ืœืช ื›ื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”[15]. ืžื™ ืฉื ื”ื ื” ืžื”ืกื“ืจื™ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื™ื, ื”ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžืฉื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื’ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืชื—ืจื•ืช ืœืืœื” ืฉื‘ื”ื ื›ื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืื•ืจื’ืŸ, ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœืชื ืื™ ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ืžื™ ืฉืžืคืกื™ื“ ืžื”ืกื“ืจื™ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื™ื[16] ื”ื ื”ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื, ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืžืคืขืœื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ืกืคืงื™ื ืฉืœื”ื, ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉืื™ื‘ื“ื• ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืฉืœ ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ืœื›ื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืฉื›ืจ[17], ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ืœื ืžืื•ืจื’ืŸ (ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื™ืฆืข ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื–ื” ื’ื“ืœ) ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืžืื’ืจ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžื ื•ืฆืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคื—ื•ืช ื™ืขื™ืœ[18].

ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื›ื“ืจื›ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืคืœื™ื”. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื–ื” ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื–ื” ืฉืœืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืืœื” ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื”ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ื“ื•ื—ื” ื–ืจื™ื ื•ื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื. ืœืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื”ืคืœื™ื”. ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื™ืœื•ืง ื”ื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื, ื”ื”ื™ืฆืข ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืขื ืฃ ื™ืจื“ ื•ืฉื›ืจื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื™ืขืœื”. ืœื›ืŸ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืขืกืงื• ื‘ื”ืคืœื™ื” ื’ื–ืขื™ืช[19].

ืžื”ืืžื•ืจ ืœืขื™ืœ ืขื•ืœื” ืฉืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขื ืคื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื—ืœืฉื” (ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืžืคืขืœื™ื ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœืคื™ืงื•ื— ืžืžืฉืœืชื™) ืื• ื‘ืขื ืคื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืขืœื•ืช ื›ื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื—ืœืง ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“[20].

ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื ื•ืงืจื˜ืœื™ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืขืžื ื’ื ื–ืจืขื™ ื”ืจืก ืขืฆืžื™. ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ. ืชื•ืกืคืช ืœืฉื›ืจ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขื ื›ื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืื•ืจื’ืŸ ืžืขืœื™ื ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื•ืฆืจืชื ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืืœื” ืžืคืกื™ื“ื™ื ืืช ืฉื•ืงื™ื”ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ื ื›ื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœื ืžืื•ืจื’ืŸ. ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื—ื“ื” ื‘ืžืกืคืจื ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช. ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ื ืืฉืจ ืคื•ืงื“ื™ื ืขื ืฃ ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ืœ, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื”.

3. ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื™ื

ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืžื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื™ื. ื”ืกื›ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืžืคืขืœ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืื• ืœืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื ื›ืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฆื™ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ื™ื—ื•ืœ ื”ื”ืกื›ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ (ืื• ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ื™ื). ื”ืกื›ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ื›ืœืœื™ ื—ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœืขื ืคื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืขื ืคื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”[21]. ื”ื—ื•ืง ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ื’ ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื›ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ื ืžื ื” ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ื™ื—ื•ืœ ื”ื”ืกื›ื ื•ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉืžืกืคืจ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื™ืฉ ื›ืœืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ื™ื—ื•ืœ ื”ื”ืกื›ื[22]. ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื›ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ื›ืœืœื™, ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื”ื•ื ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ื ืžื ื” ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื[23].

ื”ืกื›ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื•ื”ื•ื ืคืชื•ื— ืœืขื™ื•ืŸ. ื”ืกื›ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ื™ื—ื•ืœ ืœื ืจืง ืขืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืกื›ื (ืœื ืจืง ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฆื™ื’) ืืœื ืขืœ ื›ืœืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืข”ื™ ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆื“ ืœื”ืกื›ื ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™[24]. ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ืกื›ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœืžืขื˜ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื”ืŸ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“. ืฉืจ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืจืฉืื™ ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ื‘ืฆื• ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ืชื—ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื›ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ื›ืœืœื™[25].

ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืžืจื—ื™ืง ืœื›ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื›ืจื™ืชืช ื”ืกื›ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ื›ืœืœื™. ืื™ืŸ ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ืœื›ืœืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื•, ืืœื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ืœื›ืœืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื. ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ืืช ืขื•ื ื” ืœื“ื•ืงื˜ืจื™ื ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืืฉืจ ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ื‘ืืกืคืงืœืจื™ื” ืžืขืžื“ื™ืช, ืืš ืžืชืขืœืžืช ืžืฆืจื›ื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื›ืื—ื“ ื•ืคื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ื”ื ื•ื‘ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื.

ื”ื—ื•ืง ืžืชืขืœื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืฉื•ื ื™ ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ื‘ืžืคืขืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื›ืš ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืคืขืœ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืช ืื—ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ืื—ืจื•ืช. ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ื”ืกืขื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”, ืื• ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื• ืืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ืขืœืื” ื‘ืฉื›ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช[26].

ื”ื—ื•ืง ื’ื ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืชื ืื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœืžืคืขืœื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื›ืš ื™ื•ืฆื ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ืžื•ื ื” ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ืžืฉื›ื•ืจืช ื•ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœืืœื” ืฉื™ืงื‘ืœื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘. ืื•ืœื ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืคืจื™ืคืจื™ื” ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘ื”ืชืื, ื’ื ื”ืžืฉื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ื™ื ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ืžืืœื” ืฉื‘ืžืจื›ื–. ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืขืกื™ืงื™ื ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ืžืคืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžื•ืจื—ืงื™ื ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื•ื‘ืœื” ืžื•ื’ื“ืœื•ืช ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื—ืงื•ืช ืžืกืคืงื™ื ื•ืžืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช. ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืชื ืื™ื ื–ื”ื™ื ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ืขื ืฃ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืกื’ื™ืจืช ืžืคืขืœื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื•ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื‘ื˜ืœื” ื‘ื”ืŸ.

ืขืฆื ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืคื™ื” ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ืงื‘ืข ืชื ืื™ ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœื›ืœืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื (ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืื ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืกืžืš ืœื›ืš ืข”ื™ ืžื™ืขื•ื˜) ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื“ื•ื’ืœื™ื ืื ื• ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืจื˜ ื•ื‘ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ืฉืœื• ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืœื• ืœืขืฆืžื• ืชื ืื™ ื—ื•ื–ื”ื•. ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ื•ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ืื—ื“ ืขื ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ืคื•ืœื—ืŸ[27]. ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื–ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื–ืง ืžืฉืื™ืคื” ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื“ืชื™ืช ืื• ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช. ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื, ื”ืื•ืฉืจ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ื•ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื“ืจืกื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœื”ืชืคืจื ืก ืœืคื™ ืจืฆื•ื ื ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ืื ืฉื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•ืืช ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื”ื ืžืืฉืจ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืื—ืจ, ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื ื’ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืื—ืจ ืื™ืš ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื[28].

ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืชื ืื™ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื, ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื. ื›ืคื™ื” ื–ืืช ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื™.

4. ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ืช ื•ื ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืœืขื“ื™

ืžื‘ื ื” ื•ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ืช ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื’ื•ืจื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืื™ื–ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื— ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืžืขื‘ื™ื“. ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื›ืจื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ื•ื— ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืกืคืง ื•ืขืœ ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืœื•ืงืชื.

ื‘ืืจื””ื‘, ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžื ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœื™ื—ืกื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ืช ื”ื•ื ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืœื›ืœ ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื. ืื—ื“ื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ื–ื• ื ื‘ื—ื ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื. ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื›ืจ ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื•, ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืคื ืกื™ื” ื•ื—ื•ืคืฉื•ืช, ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื‘ืื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื”ื›ืฉืจื”, ืงื™ืจื‘ื” ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ืื—ืจื™ื.

ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ืืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื–ื• ืื• ืื—ืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืœืื” ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื” ื›ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ืฆื™ื’[29].

ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ืช ืื™ื ื ื” ืฉื ื ืจื“ืฃ ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืœืžืคืขืœ. ื›ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื”ื•ืžื•ื’ื ื™ืช ื•ืžืกืคื™ืง ื ื‘ื“ืœืช ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื›ืจื” ื›ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ืช[30]. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืชื•ื’ื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžืคืขืœ, ื’ื ืื ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจื” ื›ืžื” ืžืคืขืœื™ื. ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืžืคืขืœ ืื—ื“ ืงืžื™ื ื›ืžื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื•ืช. ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื•ืคืื™ื, ืฉืœ ืื—ื™ื•ืช, ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื— ืขื–ืจ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื[31].

ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืฉื•ืืคืช ืœื”ืกืžื™ืš ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืืคืฉืจ. ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืกืงื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ืจื™ืชืช ื”ืกื›ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ืชื”ื™ื™ื ื” ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืžืกืคืจ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ืช ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ[32]. ืขื ื–ืืช ื—ื•ืง ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืฉื•ืœืœ ืžืขืžื“ ืžื•ื’ืŸ ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ืคื™ืงื•ื—, ืืœื ืื ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื—ื™ืช ืืงืจืื™ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ (ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืจื•ืคื ื•ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื”)[33].

ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืžื ืกื” ืœืืจื’ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืคืขืœ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ื˜ืจืžืคื™ืกื˜. ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื ืฆื™ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ืช ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืขื•ื’ืŸ ื‘ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช (ื•ื‘ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช) ื ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื‘ืขื™ื” ื–ืืช. ื”ื—ื•ืง ืžื•ื ืข ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื. ืื—ืช ื”ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืชืžื•ืจืช ืฉื›ืจ ืฉื•ืง ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ืฉื—ืคืฆื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืฉื›ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืข”ื™ ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช (ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื—ื•ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืฉื•ืœืœ ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืช ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืœื” ื”ื•ื ื™ืฉืชื™ื™ืš).

ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ืื™ืŸ “ื ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืœืขื“ื™”. ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืœื”ืชืืจื’ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช. ื‘ืžืคืขืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื•ื ืžืกืคืจ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื. ื”ืกื›ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ืฉื™ื›ืจื•ืช ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ื™ื—ื•ืœ ืจืง ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื•.

ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ืขื•ื“ ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ ื ืฆื™ื’ื•ืช “ืคืจื•ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช”[34]. ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ื™ืฆื™ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื. ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืคืจื•ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ืœืžืกืคืจ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื•.

ื‘ืืจื””ื‘ ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื“ื•ื’ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ “ื ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืœืขื“ื™” ื›ืืฉืจ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื›ืœืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื. ืืš ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ืžื”ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืืจื””ื‘ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฆื™ื’ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื•ืžืชื ื”ืœ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื. ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืžื›ืš ืฉืื—ื“ ืžื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžื—ืชื™ื ืืช ืขืžื™ืชื™ื• ืขืœ “ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ื”ืกืžื›ื”” ืœืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื. ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื—ืชื™ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืกืžืš ืžืขืชื” ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื—ืชื•ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก. ืื ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื—ืชืžื• ืขืœ ื”ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก, ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ืจืฉืื™ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื›ื ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ืœื›ืจื•ืช ืืชื• ื”ืกื›ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ืฉื™ื—ื•ืœ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื. ืื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ื—ืชืžื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ืžืกืจื‘ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื›ื ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืœืขื“ื™, ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœื™ื—ืกื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฆื•ื•ืช ืขืœ ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฆื™ื’[35]. ืจืง ืฉืืœื” ืื—ืช ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืง ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื—ืฉืื™ื•ืช[36] ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ืื ืœื”ืกืžื™ืš ืืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ, ืฉืžื ืกื” ืœืืจื’ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ืช, ื›ื ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื.

ืื ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืœื ืชืฆื•ื•ื” ืขืœ ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื”. ืื ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื–ื›ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืื—ื•ื– ืžืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื›ืœืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžื•ืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ื•ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืจืฉืื™ื ืœื ื”ืœ ืžื•”ืž ืื™ื ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ ืขื ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“. ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื ื”ืœ ืžื•”ืž ืขื ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœืชื ืื™ ื”ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ื•ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืœื—ืฅ ื›ืžื• ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช.

ืื•ืœื ืื ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช (ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื), ื”ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ืฉื™ื›ืจื•ืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื™ื—ื•ืœ ืจืง ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ื•ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืขืกื™ืง ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ื–ื” ืื™ืฉื™, ืฉื”ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ืœื ื™ื—ื•ืœ ืขืœื™ื•[37].

ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฆื— ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืฉื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ืจื•ื‘. ืœืฉื ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืขืจื™ื›ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืื• ืœืกืจื‘ ืœื ื”ืœ ืžื•”ืž ืขื ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ืขืจื•ืš ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช (ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืคื ื™ื” ืœืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช).

ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืกื™ืจื‘ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ื‘ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื ืืจืฆื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื›ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืจืฉืื™ ืœื ื”ืœ ืžื•”ืž ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื™ื ื•ืœื›ืจื•ืช ื”ืกื›ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™. ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืจืื” ื‘ื”ื ืจืง “ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช, ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”[38]. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงื‘ืข ืžืกืคืจ ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื[39] ืœื›ืฉืจื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืืš ืคื™ืจืฉ ืื•ืชื ื›ืš ืฉืจืง ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืงื™ื•ืžื ื•ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืคืจื˜ ืœื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช, ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื[40]. ื‘ื›ืš ืœืคื™ ื“ืขืช ืžืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื[41].

ืขื ื–ืืช ืกืคืง ืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื›ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื. ื›ืš ืก’ 2 ืœืคืจืง ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงืช ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขืฉืจื” ืกืขื™ืคื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื. ืจืง ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื, ื•ื’ื ื–ื” ืชื•ืš ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืคืจืฉื ื™ื™ื ื ื™ื›ืจื™ื, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืคืจืฉ ื›ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ (“ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื• ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื, ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื, ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ื— ืขื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื; ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืื•ืจื’ื ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื™ืกื•ื“ ืื’ื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืืจืฆื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื ืคื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื”). ืกืขื™ืคื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื“ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ืขืœื™ื” ื•ืงืœื™ื˜ื”, ืงื™ื“ื•ื ืžืฉืง ื”ืืจืฅ, ืงื™ื“ื•ื ืžืฉืง ื—ืงืœืื™ ื•ื›ื•’. ื›ืœ ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื–ืจื•ืช ืœืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื• ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ืจื™ืชื”, ื”ื›ื ื” ื•ืื›ื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื›ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ืขื ืžืขื‘ื™ื“.

ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ืช ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ื™ื ืฉื—ื‘ืจ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื›ืกืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืื ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืื•ืคื™ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืื• ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™. ืื ื”ื•ื’ืฉื” ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช, ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืจื™ืชืช ื”ืกื›ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ (โ€œfair share โ€œ doctrine)[42].

ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืžื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช. ื”ืขื ืงืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ืช ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืขื ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ืื™ื ื ื” ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื“ืขืช ื•ื’ื ืืกื•ืจื” ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™[43]. ืขืจื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื” ื•ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื ื–ืง ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื. ื›ืš ืœืžืฉืœ ืœืฉื ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื‘ืžืก ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืžืฉื ืช 75 ื ื—ืชื ื”ืกื›ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ื›ืœืœื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืฉื›ืช-ื”ืชื™ืื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืง. ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืžืคืกื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืžื”ื”ืกื›ื ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื” ืœื”ืกื›ื ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืชืŸ ืœื” ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“[44].

5. ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื›ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืžื™ื[45] ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ืœื ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื ืจืง ืฉืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืืจื’ืŸ ื‘ืžืคืขืœ ืœืคื™ ืจืฆื•ื ื, ื”ื ื’ื ืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžื ื•ืข ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื ืข”ื™ ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื•ื”ื ืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืงื™ื•ื ื”ืชื ืื™ื ืฉืงื‘ืขื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช.

ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช “ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช”, ื”ื™ื ื” ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช, ืื•ืฉืจื” ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื’ื ื‘ืคืกื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื[46]. ื ืงื‘ืข ืฉื”ื—ื•ืง ืืฉืจ ืงื‘ืข ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื ื”ื’ื™ ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืง ื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ื•ืงืชื™. ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืฉืชื™ืช ืืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื• ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื™ื ื•ืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช, ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืกืงื ื” ืฉื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ื”ื ื” ื–ื›ื•ืช ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื”. ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื“ืขื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื˜, ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืจื˜ ื™ื™ืคื’ืข ืื ื™ื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื“ืขืชื•. ื–ื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื–ื›ื•ืช ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ืช ื‘ืžื”ื•ืชื” ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื‘ื•ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืจืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ื‘ื”. ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืžื‘ื˜ืืช ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืื™ื ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ ื”ืžื•ื’ืŸ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื–ื• ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื–ื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช.

ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ื’ื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืกื™ืง ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ืžื”ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœื—ื•ืงื” ื”ืžื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ[47].

ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืžื“ ืฉืœ ื ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ืื™ื ื ื” ืžืชืขื•ืจืจืช ื›ืœืœ[48]. ืื“ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกืจื‘ ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื’ื ืื ื”ื™ื ืื•ืฉืจื” ื‘ื”ืฆื‘ืขืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ[49].

ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืžืงืฉื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืคืขืœ ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ืžื•ื ื” ืœืžืฉืœ, ืœืคืงื— ืขืœ ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ื”ื ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื”ื“ืจื™ื›ื ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืžื•”ืž ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™. ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืจืืฉื™ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื›ื•ื— ืจื‘ ื•ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืขืœื™ื• ืœืืœื” ืฉืžื”ื ื ืœืงื— ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื–ื”, ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ืžื•ืขื˜ื™ื. ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช, ืฉื”ืŸ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื ื”ืœืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ, ื”ืŸ ืืจืฆื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืžืคืœื’ืชื™. ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืขืกืงื™ื ื‘ืžืคืขืœื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื—ื•ืกืจื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืžื•”ืž ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™.

ื›ืคื™ ื›ืชื‘ ืœื•ืจื“ ืืงื˜ื•ืŸ: “ื›ื•ื— ืžืฉื—ื™ืช ื•ื›ื•ื— ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืžืฉื—ื™ืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ”. ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ืกืชืจื•ืช, ืืฉืจ ืžืฉื•ื ืžื” ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ื—ืงืจื• ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ, ืื™ื ืŸ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื“ื•ื•ืงื, ืืœื ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ืช ืœืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืื•ื˜ื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”, ื”ืชื‘ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืจืืฉื™ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื[50].

ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืืœื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื” ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื—ื•ืงืงื• ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉื”ืขื ื™ืงื• ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ืื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืžื ื”, ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื, ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช, ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ื›”ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ” [51]. ื”ื—ื•ืง ืงื‘ืข ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉื—ื‘ื™ื ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ ืืจื’ื•ื ื.

ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ืคืœื™ื” ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื” ืœื ืจืง ืœืžืขื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ืืœื ื’ื ืœืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื. ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘- 1963 ื—ื•ืงืง ื—ื•ืง ื”ืื•ืกืจ ืขืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื•ืขืœ ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ื”ืคืœื™ื” ืžื˜ืขืžื™ ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื›ืจ[52]. ืกืขื™ืฃ 7 ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืง ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื–ืจื— ืžืฉื ืช 1964 ืืกืจ ืขืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืคืœื•ืช ืžื˜ืขืžื™ ื’ื–ืข, ื“ืช, ืžื™ืŸ ืื• ืžื•ืฆื[53].

ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ื—ืœ ืœื—ื•ืงืง ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ื”ืคืœื™ื”, ื‘ืชื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ ืžืฆืื• ืฉืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืœืจืขื” ื‘ืžืขืžื“ื ื›ืžื• ื ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื. ื‘- 1944 ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืงื‘ืข ืฉื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ื’ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืฉื ืคื’ืข ืžื”ืคืจืช ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื–ื• ืข”ื™ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื–ื›ืื™ ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื›ืกืคื™ื™ื ืžืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื[54]. ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื ืžืฆืื•, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื—ืจืื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืคืœื™ื™ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ืชื ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ืช ืื ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื ื™ื”ืœ ืžื•”ืž ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ืฉื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ืžืคืœื”[55].

ื’ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ื™ ืขืœ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ื—ื•ื‘ืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉืื•ืชื ื”ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื, ืืš ืœื ืคื™ืจื˜. ื‘ืื ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื ื”ืœื™ ื ืงื‘ืข, ืฉืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื—ื‘ ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ื ืœื‘, ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ืคืœื™ื”, ื—ื•ื‘ืช ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช, ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื•ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื• ื’ื ืื ืื™ื ื ื ืžื ื™ื ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื•[56]. ืื•ืœื ืกืคืง ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืœื›ื” ื–ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ.

ื”ื“ืขื” ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื’ื ื‘ืืจื””ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืง ืœื ืขื–ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื”. ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืžื•ืขื˜ ืขืœ ืจืืฉื™ื”ื ื•ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจืช ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื ืืžื ื•ืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื›ืœื™ ื ื’ื™ืฉ[57].

ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื ืชืงืœื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื ื›ืฉืœื™ื ืœืคืงื— ืขืœ ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื–ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืขืœ ืžื ื”ืœื™ื”. ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืกื•ื›ืŸ. ื”ืกื•ื›ืŸ (ืจืืฉ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืื• ืžื ื”ืœ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”) ืคื•ืขืœ ื•ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื ื›ืก (ืชื ืื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืžื ื™ื•ืช) ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ (ืขื•ื‘ื“, ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”) ืืš ืœื‘ืขืœ ื”ื ื›ืก ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ืชืคื•ืงืช ื”ืกื•ื›ืŸ.

ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืžืขืฉื™ ืจืืฉ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ. ื”ืื ื”ืขืœืื” ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื›ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”? ื”ืื ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืขืฉื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืื• ืฉื”ื ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื• ืคื ื™ื? ื”ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ? ื”ืื ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืœื•ื—ืžื ื™ื™ื ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืจื›ื™ื ืขื ื”ื”ื ื”ืœื”? ื”ืื ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืชืžื•ืจื” ื‘ืขื“ ื”ืžืฉื›ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื? ื”ืื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ?

ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืขืœ ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืขืœ ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ืžื ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžื ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืชื™ื”ื ืข”ื™ ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช. ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื“ืจืกื˜ื™ืช ืžื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื ืข”ื™ ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื. ื’ื ืื ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืคืจื•ืฉ ืžืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ืื•ืชื• ืžื•ืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“.

ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืขืœ ืžื ื”ืœื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช, ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ื™ืขื™ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”. ืื ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืื™ื ื ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืžื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื, ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื™ืจื“ ื•ื”ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืชื”ื™ื™ื ื” ืื˜ืจืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืœืžืฉืงื™ืข ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™. ื”ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ืฉื™ืขืจื™ื›ื• ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืžื”ืžืคืขืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืžื ื™ื•ืช, ื™ืจื›ืฉื• ืืช ื”ืžื ื™ื•ืช, ื™ืฉืชืœื˜ื• ืขืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื™ื—ืœื™ืคื• ืืช ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื‘ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”.

ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช, ื‘ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ื–ื• ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœืคืช ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืข”ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื•, ืื• ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืื—ืจ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื ืฆื™ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ืช. ื›ืคื™ ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืคื™ืืจืกื•ืŸ: “ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ื”ื™ื ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื‘ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื. … ืงืฆืช ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ืคืจื˜ื™ืช, ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื™ืฉ ืœื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืžืื•ื“[58].”

6. ื“ื™ื ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื’ื‘ืœื™ื ืขืกืงื™ื™ื

ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื™ื ืžืชื ื’ืฉื™ื ื—ื–ื™ืชื™ืช ืขื ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื. ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื›ื–ืืช ืฉื•ืืคืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ืœื—ื–ืง ืฉื•ืง ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™. ืžืื™ื“ืš ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืกื“ืจื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื™ื ื”ื ื”  ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืชื ืื™ ื”ืชืขืกื•ืงื” ืข”ื™ ื—ื™ืกื•ืœ ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ืžืฉื›ื•ืจื•ืช, ืฉืขื•ืช ื•ืชื ืื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”[59].

ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืœื”ืขืœืืช ืฉื›ืจื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ืœืขืœื™ื™ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืœืฆืจื›ืŸ, ืจื‘ื™ื ืกื‘ืจื•[60] ืฉื—ื•ืง ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื[61] ื—ืœ ื’ื ืขืœ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืื™ื ื ืžื•ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ[62].

ืื—ืจื™ ื—ืงื™ืงืช ื—ื•ืง ืฉืจืžืŸ ื‘- 1908 ื ื’ื“ ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื, ื‘ืชื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื—ืœื• ืื•ืชื• ื’ื ืขืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™. ื›ืš ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืงื‘ืข ืฉืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžืคืขืœ, ื•ื—ืจื ืฉืืจื’ืŸ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ืžืคืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ื• ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืืกื•ืจื” ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืง ืฉืจืžืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ื‘ื”ืคืฆื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”[63]. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคืกื™ืงื” ืชื•ืงืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื‘- 1914 ื•ืงื™ื•ืžื ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ืฆืื• ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืžืชื—ื•ืœืช ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื[64].

ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ืฉื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ื”ื’ื‘ืœื™ื ื”ืขืกืงื™ื™ื ืชืฉืž”ื— – 1988 ืชื—ื•ืœ ืขืœ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื[65], ืืš ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื˜ืจื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืขืจื›ืื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ[66].

ืžืกืงื ื” ื–ืืช ืžืชื—ื–ืงืช ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื’ื ืื—ืจื™ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื‘ืืจื””ื‘ ื‘ืชื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉื ืฆืžืฆืžื• ืืช ืชื—ื•ืœืช ื”ืคื˜ื•ืจ ืฉืžืžื ื• ื ื”ื ื• ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืžืขื‘ื™ื“ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“[67]. ืจืง ืื ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืคื•ืขืœ ืžืชื•ืš ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ืขืฆืžื™ ื•ืœืœื ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื”ื•ื ืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžืชื—ื•ืœืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ[68]. ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืœื›ื•ืคืฃ ืขืœ ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืกื“ืจ ืœืคื™ื• ื”ื ื™ืจื›ืฉื• ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืจืง ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืฉื›ืจืชื• ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ืขื ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ื ืžืฆืื• ื›ืžืคืจื™ ื—ื•ืง ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ[69]. ื ืงื‘ืข ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืฉื”ืคื˜ื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื—ื•ืง ืœื ื™ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ืœืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืฉื’ืช ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ. ื ืคืกืง ื’ื ืฉื”ืคื˜ื•ืจ ืœื ื™ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืฉื•ื ื”ืคืจืช ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ืฉื ืขืฉืชื” ืœืคื™ ื”ืกื›ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืœืžืขื‘ื™ื“, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื‘ื”ืกื›ื ื–ื” ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืœื ืคื•ืขืœ ืœื‘ื“[70]. ื”ื•ื“ื’ืฉ ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืฉื”ืกื›ื ืฉื›ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ืœืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ืฃ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืชืงื™ืคื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ืื ืžื“ืจื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืจ ืฉื ืงื‘ืขื• ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ื™ื—ื•ืœื• ื’ื ืขืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ื™ื ืข”ื™ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ[71].

ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉื™ืขืฉื• ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ. ืœืžืงืจื” ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ืœ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืกื›ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ื™ื[72] (ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœื™). ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืžืขื•ื ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ื›ื–ื”. ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื ื™ื—ื•ืœืงื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื, ื›ืš ืฉื”ืžืฉื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ื™ื•ืขืœื• ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื[73].

ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื›ื–ื” ืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืฉื›ืจ ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™, ืืœื ืขืœ ืงื ื•ื ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ ืืœ ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื.

7. ืฉื‘ื™ืชื”

ื”ื ืฉืง ื”ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ื™ืชื”. ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื’ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื“ื’ืžื™ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื. ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืื™ื ื ื” ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™[74] ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ืœืžืฉืœ ืžื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™[75]. ืื•ืœื ื‘ืชื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื›ืจื™ื–ื• ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื›”ืžืขื™ืŸ ืžืกื•ืจืช ืžืงื•ื“ืฉืช ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืชื™ืจื™ื ืœื”ืจื”ืจ ืื—ืจื™ื” ืขื•ื“”[76]. ืœืžืจื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืฉืชื”, ื”ืงื•ื ืกื ื–ื•ืก ื”ื•ื ืฉืืช ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื—ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืืฉืจ ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช. ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช[77].

ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ืขืฆื ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืื™ื ื ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื›ื–ืืช ื ื•ืฉืืช ืขืžื” ืžื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืจื‘. ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช ืœื™ืช ืžืืŸ ื“ืคืœื™ื’ ืฉืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื”ื™ื ืืงื˜ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืกื›ืกื•ืš ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ื•ืœื ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืงื“ื ืกื›ืกื•ืš ืื™ืฉื™. ื™ืชืจื” ืžื–ืืช ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื›ืืœ ืžืฆื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื[78]. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœื”ืฉื’ืช ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืžื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“[79].

 

8. ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื”

ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžื”ืื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ื“ื•-ืฆื“ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ – ืžืขื‘ื™ื“. ื‘ืฉื•ืง ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืงืจื˜ืœื™ื ื”ื ืžืขืœื™ื ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืข”ื™ ื”ืงื˜ื ืช ืชืคื•ืงื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืชืคื•ืงื” ื–ืืช ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ื•ืจื“ืช ืœืืคืก. ืื•ืœื ืื ื™ืฉ ืจืง ืงื•ื ื” ืื—ื“ ืœืชื•ืฆืจืช ื”ืงืจื˜ืœ, ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกืจื‘ ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ืงืจื˜ืœ ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœื“ืขืชื•. ื–ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉืœื ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืฉื•ืง ืฆืจื›ื ื™, ืืš ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ืชื“ื™ืจ ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขื•ืกืง ืžื•ืœ ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ื•ื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืขืกืงื” ื–ื” ืขื ื–ื”[80].

ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฆื“ ืฉื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ื•ื ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื ื˜ืœ ื”ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฆื“ ืฉื›ื ื’ื“ ืข”ื™ ืกื™ืจื•ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืขืกืงื” ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืข”ื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืื• ื”ืฉื‘ืชื”. ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืžื˜ื™ืœื” ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ื ืืœืฅ ืœืฆืžืฆื ืื• ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ืฉื›ืจื.

ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืฉืžืขื ื™ืง ืžืฉืคื˜ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ื ื•ื›ื— ืฉื‘ื™ืชื”, ื“ืœื™ื ื”ื. ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืฆื• ืžื ื™ืขื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื‘ืชื™ื ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ืื•ืœื ื’ื ืื ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืคืจืฆื” ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื—ื•ืง ืื• ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืจืฉืช ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™, ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ืชืŸ ืฆื• ืžื ื™ืขื” ื‘ื™ื“ ืงืžื•ืฆื” ื•ื‘ืžืฉื•ืจื”[81]. ื’ื ืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ืฆื•, ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืื›ื™ืคืชื• ืžื•ืขื˜ื™ื ื”ื, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœืคื™ ืก’ 9 ืœื—ื•ืง ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” (ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืžืก’ 2), ืชืฉืœ”ื‘ – 1972 :

ืœื ื™ื•ื˜ืœ ืžืืกืจ ืœืคื™ ืกืขื™ืคื™ื 142 ืื• 143 ืœืคืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืคืœื™ืœื™, 1936, ืื• ืœืคื™ ืกืขื™ืฃ 6 ืœืคืงื•ื“ืช ื‘ื–ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, ืื• ืœืคื™ ืก’ 70 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืคื•ืขืœ, ืชืฉื›”ื– – 1967, ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืช ืคืกืง-ื“ื™ืŸ, ื”ื—ืœื˜ื”, ืฆื• ืื• ื”ื•ืจืืช ื—ื™ืงื•ืง ืฉืขื ื™ื ื ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืชื”.

ื ืฉืืจืช ืื•ืžื ื ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืงื ืก ืืš ืื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืžืืกืจ ืชืžื•ืจืชื•, ืื ื”ื ืืฉื ืื™ื ื• ืžืฉืœื ืืช ื”ืงื ืก.

ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืื—ืจืช ืœืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ืฉื ื•ื›ื— ืžื•ืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื—ืœืงื™ืช ืื• ืžื•ืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื—ืœืง ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื• ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉื‘ืชืช ื”ืžืคืขืœ[82]. ื”ืฉื‘ืชื” ืื™ื ื ื” ื ื•ืชื ืช ืœืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ืกืขื“ ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉ ืืœื ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื• ืœื ืœืฉืœื ืžืฉื›ื•ืจื•ืช ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื‘ืชื™ื ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช. ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœืฉืืช ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืขืœ. ื™ื—ืกื™ื• ืขื ืกืคืงื™ื ื•ืขื ื”ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืื™ื ื ืžื•ืงืคืื™ื. ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœืฉืœื ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืœืคืจื•ืข ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ืœื‘ื ืงื™ื.

ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ื ืฉืืจ ื—ืกืจ ืื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื‘ืชื™ื, ื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ืŸ ืžื•ื’ื–ืžื•ืช ื•ืœื ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื•. ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœืžืขื‘ื“ ื ื–ืงื™ื ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ืœื• ืจืง ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉื•ื˜ืคื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœืฉืืช ื‘ื”ื. ืœื ืžืขื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื ืืœืฅ ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื–ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ื‘ืชื™ื, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืกืง, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžื‘ื™ื ืœืžืฉื‘ืจ ื—ืžื•ืจ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื•ื ื”. ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืขื ืคืจื•ืฅ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืœ ื•ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืคืขืœ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืกื’ืœ ื”ื‘ื›ื™ืจ, ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ืจืฉืื™ ืœืฉื‘ื•ืช, ืื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ืช ื”ืฉื•ื‘ืชืช. ื–ื” ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื–ื›ื•ืชื• ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืžืคืขืœ. ื”ื•ื ืืฃ ืจืฉืื™ ืœื”ืขืกื™ืง ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื–ืžื ื™ื™ื ืื• ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉื•ื‘ืชื™ื[83]. ืื™ืŸ ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืœื ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืžื—ืœื™ืคื™ื ืฉื›ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžื–ื” ืฉืฉื™ืœื ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื‘ืชื™ื. ืขื ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉื•ื‘ืชื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื”ื. ืื ืžืงื•ืžื•ืชื™ื”ื ื ืชืคืกื• ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ืข”ื™ ืžื—ืœื™ืคื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื, ื”ืฉื•ื‘ืชื™ื ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ื”ืžืชื ื” ื•ื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืชืงื‘ืœื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืืฆืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืชืชืคื ื” ืžืงื•ื.

ื–ื” ื’ื ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื”. ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื”ืฉื•ื‘ืชื™ื ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ืืช ืžืขืžื“ื (ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœื”ืคืจืช ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”) ื•ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืคื˜ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื•ื‘ืชื™ื[84] (ืœืœื ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื[85]). ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืื™ื ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื•ื‘ืชื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื”.

ื’ื ื‘ืงื ื“ื” ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืคืขืœ ื’ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื”. ื’ื ื›ืืŸ ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืฉื•ื‘ืชื™ื, ื‘ืื ืฉื™ ืกื’ืœ ื•ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžื—ืœื™ืคื™ื[86].

ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ืžืขื•ื ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ื”ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื‘ืชื™ื, ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืขืกืงืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืคื™ืชื—ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืœืžืขื‘ื™ื“. ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช ืื ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉื›ืจ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืจืžื” ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ืช, ื”ื•ื ื™ืชืงืฉื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžื—ืœื™ืคื™ื[87].

ืื ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื‘ืชื™ื ืžื•ื’ื–ืžื•ืช, ื”ื ื™ื•ื—ืœืคื•. ื›ืš ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืข”ื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ืœื”ืงืคื™ืฅ ืžืฉื›ื•ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืื‘ื˜ืœื”. ื‘ื›ืš ื ื•ืฆืจ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ื•ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืฉื•ืง.

ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืžืชื—ืจื™ื ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื™ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื”ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ื”ืจืฆื™ื ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืง ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ืœืœื ืกื™ื•ืข ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ื ื’ื“ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžื’ื™ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืขืœ ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉื™, ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืขื˜ื™ื ื•ืงื˜ื ื™ื[88].

ื”ื—ืœืคืช ื”ืฉื•ื‘ืชื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืœื ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื” ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ืœื”ืขืกื™ืง ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื—ืœื•ืคื™ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื”ื™ื” ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœื• ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ื”ืขืกืง[89].

9. ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื•ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ื—ืœืงื™ื•ืช

ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ืœืžื•ืฉื’ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื”[90]. ื‘ืก’ 37ื ืœื—ื•ืง ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืชืฉื™”ื– – 1975 ืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื’ื ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™. ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช ื‘ืก’ 37ื ื”ื™ื “ื”ืคืกืงืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืื•ืจื’ื ืช, ืžืœืื” ืื• ื—ืœืงื™ืช, ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืชืช ื”ืื˜ื” ื•ื”ืคืจืขื” ืžืื•ืจื’ื ืช ืื—ืจืช ืฉืœ ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืชืงื™ืŸ” ืื• “ืกื™ืจื•ื‘ ืžืื•ืจื’ืŸ ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืขื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช, ืื ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืขื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื ืงื‘ืขื” ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ … ื•ื”ืกื™ืจื•ื‘ ื›ืืžื•ืจ ื ื ืงื˜ ื›ืฆืขื“ ื‘ืกื›ืกื•ืš ืขื‘ื•ื“ื””.

ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื‘ืคืกื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืขื•ื“ ืฉืชื™ ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื”. ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื “ืกื™ืจื•ื‘ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ืžืชื•ืื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืขื‘ื•ื“ื””[91]. ืœืคื™ ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื”ืฆืจื”, ื”ืคืกืงื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื ื” “ืชื ืื™ ื‘ืœ ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืฉื‘ื™ืชื””[92].

ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื—ื•ืจื’ ืžื ื•ืฉื ืืงื“ืžื™. ืœืฉื•ื‘ืชื™ื ืžื•ืขื ืงื•ืช ื—ืกื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ื’ื ืืช ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ื—ืกื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืช.

ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื”ืฆืจื” ืžื‘ื˜ืืช ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ืช ืœื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืื• ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœื™ื—ืกื™ื ื—ื•ื–ื™ื™ื ืขื ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ืื• ืœื. ื–ื• ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืœืคื™ื” ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” “ืžื›ื™ืœื” ื”ืคืกืงืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœื›ืคื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช”[93].

ื’ื ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ ืื™ื ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ื—ืœืงื™ื•ืช. ืœืžืฉืœ ื ืคืกืง ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืขื™ื[94] ืฉ”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœืคื™ ืกืคืจ” ื•”ืฉื‘ื™ืชืช ื”ืื˜ื”” ืžื”ื•ื•ืช ื”ืคืจืช ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ืœื•ืจื“ ื“ื ื™ื ื’ ืคืกืง ืฉื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžืคืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ื—ืœืงื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืžื›ืœืœื ืฉืœื ืœื”ืคืจื™ืข ืœืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ื‘ืžื–ื™ื“. ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ืคื—ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื—ื•ื–ื”ื• ืืš ื”ื•ื ืžืคืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” “ืื ื”ื•ื ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื ื•ืงื˜ ืฆืขื“ื™ื ื”ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืžืคืขืœ, ืœื’ืจื™ืžืช ืื ื“ืจืœืžื•ืกื™ื” ื›ืš ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื ื™ืชื ื”ืœื• ื›ืžื• ืฉืฆืจื™ืš…”. ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ื”ื ื™ืฆื‘ ืžื•ืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืงื˜ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื™ื, ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืคืกืงื” ืžืœืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœืืžืฆืขื™ื ืžืฉืžืขืชื™ื™ื ื•ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืคื˜ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ืœืขื›ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืฉื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ื‘ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ.

ื’ื ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ืื™ื ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ื—ืœืงื™ื•ืช. ื›ืœ ื—ืจื™ื’ื” ืžืžื”ืœืš ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืชืงื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ืขื•ืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืžืœืื” ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื”ื™ืขื“ืจื•ืช ืžื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช ื›ืื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“[95].

ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืฆืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืœื ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ื›ืคื™ ืฉืงื‘ืข ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช “ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจืขื” ืžืื•ืจื’ื ืช ืœืžื”ืœืš ื”ืชืงื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื””. ื”ื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื—ืœืงื™ืช, ืฉื‘ื™ืชืช ื”ืื˜ื”[96], ืฉื‘ื™ืชืช ื”ืงืคื“ื” (“ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœืคื™ ื”ืกืคืจ”) ื•ื›ื•’[97]. ื”ืœื—ืฅ ืขืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื›ื–ืืช ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกืงื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกืงืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื›ื–ื” ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœืฉืœื ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื• ืžืฉื›ื•ืจืช. ืœืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื”.

ืจืง ืฆื•ืจื” ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืืกื•ืจื” ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ – ืฉื‘ื™ืชืช ืฉื‘ืช. ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืžืคืขืœ ืข”ื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื ื” ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื•ืœืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ื• ืงืžื” ื—ื‘ื•ืช ื ื–ืงื™ืช ื•ืขื•ื ืฉื™ืช. ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืžื•ื–ืžื ื™ื ืœืžืคืขืœ ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ืžืฆืื•ืชื ืฉื ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ืช ืขื ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื. ืื•ืœื ื›ืืฉืจ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืคืขืœ ืฉืœื ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœื•, ื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืžื•ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืœื ื‘ืจ-ืจืฉื•ืช[98]. ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืžืคืขืœ ื’ื ื ื•ื’ื“ืช ืืช ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืชื ืœื‘ ื‘ืžืื‘ืง ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™.

ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื‘ืชื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืžืœืื” ืžืฆื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื•ื—ื“ ืžืฉืžืขื™. ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืกืคืง ืฉืื›ืŸ ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ืฉื‘ื™ืชื”, ื•ืื–ื™ ื”ื•ื ืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžืชืฉืœื•ื ื”ืฉื›ืจ (ื ืคืกืง ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืžืฉืขื” ืืช ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื)[99]. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื—ืœืงื™ืช ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืฉืœื ืœื“ืขืช ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื ืขืจื›ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืชื”, ืื ื”ื•ื ืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืžืจืืฉ. ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื ืžื•ืฉืขื™ื, ืžื•ืฉืขื™ื ื”ื ื—ืœืงื™ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื•ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื•ื—ื“ ืžืฉืžืขื™ ืื™ื–ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื ืžื•ืฉืขื”. ื’ื ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ืœืฉืœื ืฉื›ืจ ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ื‘ืกืคืง ื•ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจื”.

ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืœืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช[100]. ื”ืื—ืช – ืœืกืจื‘ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื•ืœื ืœืฉืœื ืœื• ืฉื›ืจ. ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืช ืชื•ืš ืชืฉืœื•ื “ืฉื›ืจ ืจืื•ื™”.

ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืกืชืžื ื” ืชืคื ื™ืช ืœืื™ ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ื—ืœืงื™ื•ืช. ื›ืš ื‘- 1989 ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื‘ื ืง ื“ื™ืกืงื•ื ื˜ ืจืง ืืช ื”ืกืคืงืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืœื‘ื ืง ื‘ืจืงืœื™ืก-ื“ื™ืกืงื•ื ื˜. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืงื‘ืข ืฉืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืื™ื ืŸ ื ื›ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ื’ื“ืจ “ืฉื‘ื™ืชื””, ื”ื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ื•ื•ื ื• ื ื’ื“ ืื—ื“ ืžืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“[101].

10. ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช

ืฉืืœื” ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื. ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ื•ื ืกื›ืกื•ืš ืขืœ ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ืžืกื›ืกื•ืš ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืกื›ืกื•ืš ืขืœ ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžืช[102]. ืกื›ืกื•ืš ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ื‘ืขืจื›ืื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืชื”. ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื ืฉืง ื™ืงืจ ื•ืžื–ื™ืง ืœื›ืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื, ืœื›ืŸ ืœื“ืขืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืฉืžืฉ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื‘ืขืจื›ืื•ืช. ืœื›ืŸ ื ืงื‘ืข ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืกื›ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ื ื›ืœืœืช ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื›ืœืœื ืฉืœื ืœืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ืกื›ื[103]. ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื–ื• ื—ืœื” ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉืœื ื ื›ืœืœื• ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™[104].

ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื”ื™ื ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืžืชื‘ืฆืขืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืกื›ืกื•ืš ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ืก’ 2 ืœื—ื•ืง ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™-ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืชืฉื™”ื– – 1957 ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ืกื›ืกื•ืš ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื: ื›ืจื™ืชืชื•, ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื•, ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื• ืื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกื›ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™, ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืชื ืื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืงื‘ืœืช ืื“ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื• ืื™ ืงื‘ืœืชื• ืื• ืกื™ื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื•, ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืžื™ื—ืกื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื•ืžืขื‘ื™ื“. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื• ืื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื, ืื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ืœืื’ืจื•ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื.

ื”ืกื›ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ืœืคื™ ืก’ 1 ื—ื•ืง ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื™ื, ืชืฉื™”ื– – 1957 ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืงื‘ืœืช ืื“ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื• ืกื™ื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื•, ืชื ืื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื™ื—ืกื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื”ืกื›ื ืื• ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืœื”.

ื›ืš ืฉืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืจืง ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉื”ื ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืžื•ืงื“ ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ื”ื ืืœื” ืฉืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื”. ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ืจื’ื™ืœื” ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื ื’ื“ ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ื•ืžื˜ืจืชื” ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืฉืœ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœื”ืกื“ืจ ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™. ืื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื™ืกื• ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื™ืจื™ืขื” ื•ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื’ื ื ื’ื“ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”[105]. ื”ื ื”ืกืชืžื›ื• ืขืœ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ืžืฉืง. ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืง, ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื›ืจ, ืžืกื™ื ื•ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื, ืื ืœื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ืขืœ “ืขื™ืกืงืช ื—ื‘ื™ืœื””.

ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื™ืฉ ื”ืงื•ื ืกื ื–ื•ืก ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ืื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืœืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื ื’ื“ ืจื™ื‘ื•ืŸ[106]. ืœื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™[107].

ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื’ืจ: “ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช – ื”ื‘ืื” ืœื›ืคื•ืช ืขืœ ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืขืฉื” ืื• ืžื—ื“ืœ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื• ืืœืžืœื ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” – ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืงืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช: ื‘ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ื— ืคืชื— ืœื”ืฉืœื˜ืช ืจืฆื•ื ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ื‘ืชื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื ื•ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ  ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ื•ื—ื”ื›ืคื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื—ื•ืฅ-ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืืฃ ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื” ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืขืฉื”. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืคืกืงืช ื—ืฉืžืœ ื›ืœืœื™ืช, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื–ื” ื”ืžื•ื–ืจื ืœื‘ืชื™-ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืœื‘ืชื™ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช, ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืฃ ืืช ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืง ืœื›ืœ ืžืขืฉื” ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื”ื ื“ืจืฉ ืžืžื ื•, ืืš ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉื™ื—ื“ ื”ืžืคื•ืœืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ื ืคื’ืขืช ื‘ื›ืš, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื’ื ื“ืจืš ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื›ื›ื–ืืช”[108].

ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื›ื–ืืช ืื™ื ื ื” ืจืื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื’ื ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืขื ืงื•ืช ืœืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช. ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืื—ืจื™ื, ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“, ืžื”ื•ื•ืช ืžืงืจื” ื’ื‘ื•ืœื™ ื•ื”ื ื ื™ื“ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืง ื ืคืจื“ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš.

ืฉื‘ื™ืชื”  ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื” ื—ื•ืจื’ืช ืžืชื—ื•ื ืชื ืื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืฆืจ ืื™ื ื ื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื›ืœื™ ืœื—ืฅ ื‘ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื™ื. ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื›ื–ืืช ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื•ื”ื”ืคื’ื ื”. ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืœืฉื ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ืจื™ื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืชื™ื• ืืฉืจ ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉ ืข”ื™ ืคืจื•ืฆื“ื•ืจื” ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช, ืฉื‘ื” ืœื›ืœ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ื’ื ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืงื•ืœ ืฉื•ื•ื”, ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžืฉืงืœ ื™ืชืจ. ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืื—ื“ ืฉืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช ืžืฆื•ื™ื“ืช ื‘ื ืฉืง ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื›ืจื™ืข ื‘ื›ืœ ื ื•ืฉื ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื” ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœืกื›ืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™.

ืฉืืœื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืžืชืขื•ืจืจืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ืฉืžื˜ืจืชืŸ ืœื”ื™ืื‘ืง ื ื’ื“ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืขืœ. ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช, ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžืคืขืœ ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืœื ืชื•ื ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืช ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ื•ื”ืŸ ืื™ื ืŸ ื ื™ืชื ื•ืช ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™[109]. ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื•ืช ื–ื• ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ื‘ืžืคืขืœ, ื›ื–ื›ื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“[110].

ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื›ืš ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื‘ืจืง ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”[111] ื”ื›ื™ืจื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืชืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื ื’ื“ ืชื™ืื’ื•ื“ ื›ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ืช[112]. ื›ืš ื’ื ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื‘ื ืง ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืœืžื›ื™ืจืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื‘ื ืง ื”ื•ื›ืจื” ื›ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”[113]. ื’ื ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื‘ื–ืง ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื”ื’ืฉืช ื”ืฆืขืช ื—ื•ืง ืœืฆืžืฆื•ื ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื‘ื–ืง ื ื—ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ืช[114].

ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื–ืง ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืฉื ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื”ืชื”ืคื›ื” ืขืœ ืคื™ื”[115]. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื™ืขื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื•ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื”. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืงื‘ืข ืฉืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื‘ืžืขืžื“ื• ื›ืžืขื‘ื™ื“, ืืœื ื›ืžื™ ืฉืžื•ืคืงื“ ืขืœ ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื ื” ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื˜ื”ื•ืจื”. ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื›ื–ืืช ืื™ื ื” ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ืช ื•ื™ืฉ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืื•ืชื” ื’ื ืข”ื™ ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืฆื• ืžื ื™ืขื” ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™. ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืคืกืง, “ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช” ืœืื• ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื”ื™ื. ื•ืžืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื›ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืื™ืŸ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืœื”ื’ื ื•ืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื•ืช ืœืฉื•ื‘ืชื™ื[116].

ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื–ืง ื ื˜ื” ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ื›ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืžืขื™ืŸ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืฉื ื’ื“ื• ืงืžื” ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื”, ื”ื™ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืžื”ื•ืชื™ืช ืขืœ ืชื ืื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ “ื‘ื–ืง”[117]. ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื›ื–ืืช ื”ื•ืชืจื” ืจืง ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืฉืœื ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื’ื“ืจ ืžื—ืื” ื”ื ืžืฉื›ืช ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืกืคืจ ืฉืขื•ืช.

ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื’”ืฆ ืฉื•ื ืชื” ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”[118] ื‘ื”ืชืื.ืขื•ืœื” ืžืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื”, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื—ื•ืง ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘, ืžื”ื•ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื”ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืŸ ืืกื•ืจื•ืช. ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ืคืจื˜ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืคืจืฉ ื›ืžืชืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ืžื—ืื” ื•ืœืงื ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืš ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืื ื”ืŸ ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืชืืจื›ื•ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืกืคืจ ืฉืขื•ืช. 

11. ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืชื”

ืžื”ื™ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืืงื˜ ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ืขื•ืœื” ื›ื™ ืžื™ ืฉืจืฉืื™ ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื”ื•ื ืฆื“ ืœืกื›ืกื•ืš ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™[119], ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื. ืื•ืœื ืก’ 3 ืœื—ื•ืง ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™-ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืชืฉื™”ื– – 1957 ืงื•ื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื‘ืื™ืŸ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื[120], ื ืฆื™ื’ื•ืช ื ื‘ื—ืจืช ืข”ื™ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจื” ืข”ื™ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื›ืœ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืกื›ืกื•ืš ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื ื“ื•ืŸ, ืชื”ื•ื•ื” ืฆื“ ืœืกื›ืกื•ืš[121].

ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ื ืฆื™ื’ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืžื›ืช ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื”. ืื•ืœื ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ืืฉืจ ืืžื•ืจ ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื•ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœืžื” ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ื”ื™ื ื›ื•ื— ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ืœื›ื•ื— ื–ื” ืฉื•ื ืชื›ืœื™ืช.

ืขื ื–ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื ืฆื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจืช ืชื•ืกืžืš ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื ื“ื™ืจ ื”ื•ื. ื–ื”ื• ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ืื™ืŸ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื “ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื”ื” (ืก’ 3 ืœื—ื•ืง) ื•ืœืื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆื“ ืœื”ืกื›ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™.

ืฆื“ ืœืกื›ืกื•ืš ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืžืกื•ืจ ืœืžืžื•ื ื” ืจืืฉื™ ืขืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืžืชืžื ื” ืข”ื™ ืฉืจ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืœืฆื“ ืฉื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืขืœ ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืื• ืขืœ ื”ืฉื‘ืชื” ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืขืฉืจ ื™ื•ื ืžืจืืฉ[122]. ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืŸ ืืžื•ืจื” ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš, ืœืœื ืฉื‘ื™ืชื”, ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ืชื™ื•ื•ืš ืื• ื‘ื•ืจืจื•ืช. ืื–ื”ืจื” ื’ื ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ืœื”ื™ืขืจืš ืœืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ืช ื’ื ืžื—ื•ื‘ืช ืงื™ื•ื ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืชื•ื ืœื‘[123].

ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชื ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ื” ื”ื•ื“ืขื”, ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืฉืœื ื›ื“ื™ืŸ. ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ื’ื ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื ืชืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ืขืœ ื”ื ื–ืงื™ื ืฉื ื’ืจืžื• ืข”ื™ ืื™ ืžืชืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ื‘ืขื•ื•ืœื” ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืช ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื—ืงื•ืงื” (ืก’ 63 ืœืคืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ [ื ื•ืกื— ื—ื“ืฉ])[124].

ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื ืชื ื• ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืžืคืจื™ื ืืช ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื”ื. ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืื—ืช ืžืฉืœื•ืฉ ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืคื˜ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœืœื ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช. ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืฉืœื ืœืฉืœื ืฉื›ืจ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขื“ ืฉื–ื” ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื›ื™ื— ืืช ืจืฆื•ื ื• ื•ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืชื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“. ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ื’ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขืœ ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืขืกืงืช ืžื—ืœื™ืฃ[125].

ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืžื•ืกืžื›ืช ืœืจื•ื‘ ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื”. ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœืช ืข”ื™ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœื” ืฉื”ื ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื•ืช ื•ื•ืขื“ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื. ื”ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ืœื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื ืงื‘ืขื• ื‘ืก’ 5 ืœืคืจืง ื”’ ืœื—ื•ืงืช ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช.

ืœืคื™ ืก’ 5ื ื”ื ”ืœ:

ื”ืฆืขื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืžื•ื‘ืืช ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื•ืขื“ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฆื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื’ื•ื“ื” ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื ืžื ื” ืขืœื™ื”. ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื˜ืขื•ื ื” ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื’ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉืœ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื˜ืขื•ื ื” ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื—ืฉืื™ืช.

ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ืžื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืœื‘ื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื—ืฉืื™ืช. ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื›ืืœื” ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ืชื•ืš ื—ืจื™ื’ื” ืžืกืžื›ื•ืช ื•ืœ”ื”ื›ืจื–ื•ืช” ืฉืœื”ื ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืชื•ืงืฃ. ื›ืš ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื™ื•”ืจ ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉื‘ืชืช ื”ืžืฉืง ื‘ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืžื”ืžืขืฆืจ ื™ื•”ืจ ื”ืื’ืฃ ืœืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื‘ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช[126], ืคืขืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืชื•ืš ื—ืจื™ื’ื” ืžืกืžื›ื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ื ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื–ืงื™ื ืฉื ื’ืจืžื• ืขืงื‘ “ื”ื•ื“ืขืชื•”, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืžื ื”ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืกื—ืจื™ืช ืฉืคื•ืขืœ ืชื•ืš ื—ืจื™ื’ื” ืžืกืžื›ื•ืช.

ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื‘- 1984 ื”ื—ื•ืง ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืขืจื•ืš ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ืœืคื ื™ ื ืงื™ื˜ืช ื›ืœ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ื“ืจืกื˜ื™ืช ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช. ื”ื—ื•ืง ืžืฉื ืช 1993 ืงื‘ืข ื›ืœืœื™ ืคืจื•ืฆื“ื•ืจื” ืœื”ืฆื‘ืขื”[127]. ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ืชื‘ืฆืข ื‘ื“ื•ืืจ. ืื ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื, ืขืœ ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืคืงื— ืžืคืงื— ื‘ืœืชื™ ืชืœื•ื™. ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืกืคืง ืœืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื•ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืง. ืื ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืœื ืขืžื“ ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื™ื”ื ื” ืžืฉื•ื ื—ืกื™ื ื•ืช, ืœืœื ืงืฉืจ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ื‘ืข[128].

ื’ื ื‘ืื™ืจืœื ื“ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื›ืœืœื™ื ืœืขืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื•ืช  ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื ืงื™ื˜ืช ืคืขื•ืœื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™[129].

ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืฉื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืขืœื™ื” ืœื ื ืžืกืจื” ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืก’ 5ื ืœื—ื•ืง ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™-ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืื• ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืฉื”ื•ื›ืจื–ื” ืข”ื™ ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื”ื•ืกืžืš ืœื›ืš ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืœื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ[130], ืœืžืขื˜ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœื’ื‘ื™ื”ืŸ ื™ืฉื ื• ื”ืกื“ืจ ืชื—ื™ืงืชื™ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.

ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื—ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืกื›ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™, ืœืžืขื˜ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืฉืื™ื ื ื” ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ืฉื›ืจ ืื• ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื’ื ืช. ื›ืš ื’ื ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืฉืœื ืฉื ืžืกืจื” ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืขืœื™ื” ืื• ืฉื”ื•ื›ืจื–ื” ืฉืœื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืกืžืš ืื• ืฉืœื ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื’ื ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™[131]. ืื•ืœื ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื™ืขื” ืฉืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื’ื ืช ื”ืŸ ืžื•ืขื˜ื•ืช ื›ืคื™ ืฉื–ื” ื™ืชื•ืืจ ืœื”ืœืŸ ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ื‘ื.

ืจืง ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืชืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ ืžื ื™ืขื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฉื•ื‘ืชื™ื ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื• ื‘ืชื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื” ืฉืœื ื›ื“ื™ืŸ. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ืชืŸ ืฆื• ืžื ื™ืขื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืœ.

12. ื ื–ืงื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื•ื—ืกื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื‘ืชื™ื

ืžืขืฉื” ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื ื–ืงื™ื ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ืจืืฉื™ื• ื•ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ืขืœ ื ื–ืงื™ื ืืœื”. ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœืžืฉืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ืคืจืช ื—ื•ื–ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื™ืฉื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ื•ืœื”ืคืจืช ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ืœืกืคืงื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ืœืœืงื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื•. ืื ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื”ื•ื›ืจื–ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกื›ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™, ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ื’ื ืžืฉื•ื ื”ืคืจืช ื”ืกื›ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™.

ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืื ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืžืชื‘ืฆืขืช “ืœืคื™ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื ื’ื•ืจืจืช ืื—ืจื™ื” ื ื–ืงื™ื ื”ืžืงื ื™ื ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืœืžืขื˜ ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื›ืจื™ืชืช ื”ืกื›ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืืฉืจ ื™ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ื™ื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืืœืฅ ืืช ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ืœื”ืชืงืฉืจ ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื”. ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื–ื• ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื”ืคืจืช ื—ื•ื–ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื’ื ืœื”ืคืจื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžืกื—ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“.

ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกื›ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ืชืงืฃ ืื™ื ื ื” ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ืช, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืคืชื•ื—ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื‘ืจืจ ืืช ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ืขืจื›ืื•ืช. ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืฉื”ื•ื›ืจื–ื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ื—ื“ืฉ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืคื’ ืชื•ืงืคื• ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืงื•ื“ื, ืื™ื ื ื” ืžืคืจื” ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืฉื•ื ื—ื•ื–ื” ืืœื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืกื™ืจื•ื‘ ืžืื•ืจื’ืŸ ืžืฆื“ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœื—ื•ื–ื” ื—ื“ืฉ.

ืœื›ืŸ ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืจืง ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืžืกื•ื’ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ (ืœืงืจืืช ื›ืจื™ืชืช ื”ืกื›ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™) ืจืง ื”ื™ื ื–ืงื•ืงื” ืœื—ืกื™ื ื•ืช ืžืคื ื™ ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช. ืื•ืœื ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืง ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช ื•ื”ืขื ื™ืง ื—ืกื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืจืคื•ืช ืœืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ืœืœื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื (ืœืžืขื˜ ืื‘ื—ื ื” ืœื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™).

ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ืืช ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช. ื›ืš ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ืฉื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืง, ื›ืžื• ืœืžืฉืœ “ื”ืคืจืขื” ืžืื•ืจื’ื ืช” ืœืžื”ืœืš ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืชืงื™ืŸ, ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ืื”ื“ื”, ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื”ืกื›ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ื•ืื—ืจื•ืช ืœืื• ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื”ืŸ ื•ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื—ืฉื•ืคื™ื ืœืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื•ืช, ืคืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืžืฉืžืขืชื™ื™ื[132].

ื‘ืงื ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืจืง ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช, ื•ืืฉืจ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ื‘ืขืชืŸ, ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ืŸ ื‘ืื• ืื—ืจื™ ืžื™ืฆื•ื™ ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืคื™ืฉื•ืจ ื•ืชื™ื•ื•ืš. ื‘ืคืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฆื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืœื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืืœื” ืžืชื•ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื“ืจื™ืฉืช ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื•ื“ืจื™ืฉืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื—ืฉืื™ืช ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื. ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ืื”ื“ื”, ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื—ืฅ ืขืœ ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ืื—ืจ (ืœื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ื‘ืชื™ื), ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืงื™ื™ื ื”ืกื›ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ื•ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืืกื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜[133]. ืœืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืžืฉืžืขืชื™ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ื•ืช.

ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืง ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืงื‘ืข ืžืกืคืจ ื—ืกื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ืœืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืฉื‘ื™ืชื”. ื›ืš ื ืงื‘ืข ืฉืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ืœื ื™ื—ื•ื™ื‘ื• ื‘ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืช ื”ืกื›ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™, ืืœื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื• ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ื›ืœืœื™[134]. ื ืงื‘ืข ื’ื ืฉืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื•ื”ืฉื‘ืชื” ืœื ื™ื™ื—ืฉื‘ื• ื›ื’ืจื ื”ืคืจืช[135] ื—ื•ื–ื” ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื•ืœื” ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืช ืฉืœ ื’ืจื ื”ืคืจืช ื—ื•ื–ื”[136]. ื—ืกื™ื ื•ืช ื–ื• ืžืคื ื™ ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื‘ืขื•ื•ืœืช ื’ืจื ื”ืคืจืช ื—ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืชื—ื•ืœ ืขืœ ืชื•ื‘ืขื ื” ืฉื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืื• ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืฆื“ ืœืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืื• ื”ืฉื‘ืชื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื’ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™[137]. ื ืงื‘ืข ื’ื ืฉืขื ืคืจื•ืฅ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืžื•ืฉืขื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื›ืš ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ ืฉื•ื‘ืช ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืคืจ ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื•[138].

ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืขืœ ืžืขืฉื” ืžืกื•ื™ื ื—ืœื” ื—ืกื™ื ื•ืช ืœืฉื•ื‘ืชื™ื ืคืจื•ืฉ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ, ืฉื”ื ื–ืง ื ืกืคื’ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืชืžื™ื. ืืช ื ื–ืงื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืกื•ืคื’ื™ื ืžืขื‘ื™ื“, ืกืคืงื™ื• ื•ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื•.

ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš ื ืคื’ืขื•ืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื’ื ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง. ื›ืคื™ ืฉืงื‘ืข ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื—ืงื™ืงืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ื™ืกื•ื“, ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžืชื ื’ืฉืช ืขื ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ืฉืœ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉื ืคื’ืขื• ืžื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื”[139]. ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ื‘ืกืคืง ื”ืื ื—ืกื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉื•ื‘ืชื™ื ืชืงืคื•ืช ื’ื ืื—ืจื™ ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืง ื™ืกื•ื“: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืื“ื ื•ื—ื™ืจื•ืชื• ื”ืžืขื ื™ืง ื”ื’ื ื” ื—ื•ืงืชื™ืช ืœืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืื—ืจื™ ื—ืงื™ืงืช ื—ื•ืง ื™ืกื•ื“: ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื”ืžื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง.

ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ื—ืกื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ”ืœ ื—ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืœื™ื•ืช ืœืฉื‘ื™ืชื”. ื”ืŸ ืœื ื—ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื’ื ืื ื”ืŸ ื ื‘ืขื• ืžืฉื‘ื™ืชื”, ืื• ืฉื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื”ื ื™ืขื” ืื•ืชื[140]. ื›ืš ืฉื‘ื™ืชืช ืฉื‘ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ื‘ืชื™ื ื•ืฉืœ ืžืืจื’ื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉื’ืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœ[141]. ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื‘ื ืžืœ ื—ื™ืคื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1978 ืฉื•ื‘ืชื™ื ื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื• ืžื˜ืขื ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืขืœ ืื ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ืืช ื•ืขื“ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืคืฆื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืžื˜ืขื ื™ื ืขืœ ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ ื”ื ื›ืก ืฉืœื ื›ื“ื™ืŸ[142].

ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื’ื ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืขืœื” ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื ื–ืงื™ื ืฉื ื’ืจืžื• ืขืงื‘ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืื—ืจืช ืฉืœ ืงืฆื™ื ื™ ื™ื[143]. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืกื™ืจื‘ื• ืงืฆื™ื ื™ ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืขื ื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืžื ื”ืœืช ื ืžืœ ื—ื™ืคื” ืœื”ืขืชื™ืง ืฉืชื™ ืื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉื•ื‘ืชื™ื ืžื”ืจืฆื™ืฃ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ื ืžืœ ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœืคืจื™ืงืช ื”ืžื›ื•ืœื•ืช. ืขืงื‘ ื”ืกื™ืจื•ื‘, ืื•ื ื™ื” ืื—ืจืช ืœื ื™ื›ืœื” ืœืคืจื•ืง ืืช ืžื˜ืขื ื” ื•ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื” ื ื’ืจืžื• ื ื–ืงื™ื ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื.

ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืงื‘ืข ืฉืงื™ื™ืžืช ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ืช ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ืขื•ื•ืœืช ืจืฉืœื ื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ื”ืฉื•ื‘ืชื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ ืื“ื ืื—ืจ ืขืœ ื ื–ืงื™ื ืฉื ื’ืจืžื• ืœื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื”. ื ืคืกืง ืฉืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ืจืืฉื™ื• ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ืชืจืฉืœื• ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืœื ืคื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื’ืจืžื• ื‘ื›ืš ื ื–ืงื™ื ืœืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืœื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกื›ืกื•ืš. ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื—ืกื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉื•ื‘ืชื™ื ืœื ื—ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืขื•ื•ืœืช ื”ืจืฉืœื ื•ืช, ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ืจืืฉื™ื• ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื—ื•ื™ื‘ื• ืœืคืฆื•ืช ืืช ื”ื ื™ื–ื•ืงื™ื[144].

ื”ื ื™ื–ื•ืงื™ื ื’ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืฉื•ื‘ืชื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื•ืœืช ื”ืคืจืช ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื—ืงื•ืงื”, ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืœื ืคื•ื˜ืจืช ืืช ื”ืฉื•ื‘ืชื™ื ืžื—ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžืขื•ื’ื ืช ื‘ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืœืฆื™ื™ืช ืœื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ื ืžืœ. ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื’ื ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืฉื•ื‘ืชื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื•ืœื” ืžื˜ืจื“ ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ[145]. ื’ื ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืืœื” ื”ืฉื•ื‘ืชื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื ื”ื ื™ื ืžื—ืกื™ื ื•ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื™.

ื”ืฉื•ื‘ืชื™ื ืœื ืžืขื˜ ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื›ืš ืฉืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื™ื™ืคื•ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื ื•ืœื ืขืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“. ืœื—ืฅ ื›ื–ื” ืื™ื ื ื• ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืฉื”ื ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœืžืขื‘ื™ื“. ื›ืคื™ ืฉื–ื” ืžืชื•ืืจ ืœืขื™ืœ ื“ื™ื ื™ ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืฆื“ ื’’ ืœื ืžืขื•ืจื‘.

ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ืœื ื”ืกืชืคืงื• ื‘ื›ืš. ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1993 ื–ื›ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืื–ืจื—: ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืคืจื˜ ืฉื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ืช ืœื›ืื•ืจื”, ื ืžื ืข ืžืžื ื• ื”ืกืคืงืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืื• ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืื• ื ืคื’ืขื” ืื™ื›ื•ืชื ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืฆื• ืžื ื™ืขื” ื ื’ื“ ืžืืจื’ื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื”. ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืฆื• ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื”ืคืกื“ ืื• ื ื–ืง ืžืžื•ื ื™. ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ื–ื• ื ืขืฉืชื” ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื•ื— ืœืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื[146].

ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื ืฆื™ื‘ ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืžืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืžืš ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืžื•ืฉื ื–ื›ื•ืชื ื–ื•.  ื”ืขื–ืจื” ืžืชื‘ื˜ืืช ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ื ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื™ืขื•ืฅ, ืกื™ื•ืข ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™.

ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘, ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ืช (ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชื ื” ืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ื•ื“ืขื”, ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ืฉืœื ื”ื•ื›ืจื–ื• ืข”ื™ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืกืžืš, ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื›ืจื–ื• ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื”ืกื›ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื’ื•ืช ืžื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื”ืฆืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื”) ื—ืฉื•ืคื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ืคื’ืขื™ื ื•ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืคื˜ืจ ืื•ืชื[147].

13. ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™

ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืื™ื ืŸ ื–ื•ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช, ืœืžืขื˜ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืœื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืก’ 37ื‘ ืœื—ื•ืง ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™-ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืชืฉื™”ื– – 1957 ื•ืœืžืขื˜ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ืœืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื[148]. ืœื ื›ืš ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื”ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช. ื›ืš ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœืžืฉืœ ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืคื“ืจืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ืืกื•ืจื”[149], ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืื—ืจื™ื ืืกื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจื””ื‘ ื•ื”ื”ืกื“ืจื™ื ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื ืื™ื ื ื—ืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื[150].

ื”ื ื™ืžื•ืงื™ื ืœืื™ืกื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืจื‘ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžืคืขืœ ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ืœื—ืฅ ืžื•ืคืขืœ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“. ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืชื—ืจื•ืช ืžื’ื“ื™ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื•ืชื•ืคืกื•ืช ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง. ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ื”ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื, ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื ืจื—ื‘, ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ืœื ื ืคื’ืขื™ื ืžื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžืคืขืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™. ืœื ื›ืš ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ื•ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ืกื˜ื™. ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืœื—ืฅ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ื‘ืชื™ื ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื—ื‘. ืœืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ื•ืœืžื ื”ืœื™ื, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืžืคืขืœ ื•ื”ื ื’ื ืื™ื ื ื ืคื’ืขื™ื ืžื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื”[151]. ื”ื™ื• ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืขื•ื“ื“ื• ืืช ื”ืฉื•ื‘ืชื™ื ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื–ืžื• ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื”.

ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื™ื ืจื™ื‘ื•ืŸ ื•ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื’ื ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืชื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืจืื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžื’ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืคืกืง ื‘ืื—ืช ืžืคืกืงื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ: “ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืžืฉืจืชืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื. ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ืขื, ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžื”ื•ื•ื” … ืžืจื“ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืื ืชื•ืขื ืง ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ … ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ื”ืจืก ื”ืžืžืฉืœ. ื•ืื ื”ื ื™ื”ืจืกื• ืืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœ, ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืงื‘ืœ ืื ืจื›ื™ื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืงื‘ืœ ืื ื“ืจืœืžื•ืกื™ื””[152].

ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื ืืžื ื•ืช ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืขื ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื–ื•. ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืคืกืง ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ืงื˜ื™ืงื˜: “ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ื•ืขื” ื‘ืขื. ื”ืขื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืืฆื™ืœ ืื•ืชื” ืœืžืžืฉืœื”, ืื•ืชื” ื”ื•ื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื•ืžืคืขื™ืœ ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืง. ื”ืขื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ื›ื•ื— ื•ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืœืžืœื ืื—ืจื™ ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืœืกืคืง ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื. ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื•ื”ืžื•ืกืžื›ืช, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ืขืกื™ืง ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืชื™ื”. ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ืกื•ื›ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžืกื•ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืคืงื“ื” ืœื™ื“ื™ื”ื. ืžืขืžื“ื ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืžื–ื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืคืขืœื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื. ื”ื ืžืฉืจืชื™ื ืืช ืจื•ื•ื—ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืœื ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืคืจื˜ื™ืช. ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื‘ื•ืช, ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืืŸ ืืช ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืจื•ื•ื—ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ”[153].

ื’ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืฉืžืขื• ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืกืคืง ืืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืฉื‘ื•ืช. ื›ืš ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืชืช ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืืžืจ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื–ื•ืกืžืŸ: “ื™ืฉ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืื™ื ื ืจืฉืื™ื ืœืฉื‘ื•ืช… . ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื, ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื ื•ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืจืฉืื™ื ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžืื‘ืง. … ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื™ื … ืฉื’ื ืขืœื™ื”ื, ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื ืขื•ืจื›ื™-ื“ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืœืฉื›ื”, ืžื•ื˜ืœื•ืช ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช, ืืฉืจ ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืชื™ืจื•ืช ืœื”ื ืœื”ืคืงื™ืจ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืœื—ืชื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื…. ืขืœ ืคื™ ืก’ 53 (ืœื—ื•ืง ืœืฉื›ืช ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ืชืฉื›”ื – 1961 – ื–.ืค.)… , ืขื•ืจืš-ื“ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื•ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืข, ื•ืก’ 54 ืœื—ื•ืง ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื• ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืฉื•ืœื—ื• ื‘ื ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช, ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜. ืฆืจ ืœื™ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืขื•ืจื›ื™-ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืงื˜ื™ื ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื™ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืืœื” ืฉื‘ื—ื•ืง ืœืฉื›ืช ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ืžื‘ื–ื™ื ืืช ืžืขืžื“ื ื›ืขื•ืจื›ื™-ื“ื™ืŸ… . ืขื•ืจืš-ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื—ืคืฅ, ืžื˜ืขื ื–ื” ืื• ืื—ืจ, ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืœืžืขืŸ ืฉื•ืœื—ื•, ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืจืฉืื™ ืœืฉื‘ื•ืช. ืืฃ ื“ื™ื ื ืฉืœ ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื›ืš, ื•ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืชืจืขื•ืžืช ืขืœ ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ืชื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ืžืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ืœืคื ื•ืช ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื•ืชื™ื”ื ืœืื—ืจื™ื”[154]. ืืš ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืืžื™ืจื•ืช ืื’ื‘ ืื•ืจื—ื”, ืœื ื ืขืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจ.

ื ื™ืžื•ืง ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื‘ื”ืกืคืงื” ื‘ืื™ืŸ ืžืคืจื™ืข ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ื ื• ื•ืจื•ื•ื—ืชื•. ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื ื™ืžื•ืง ืœืื™ืกื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช[155].

ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ืฉืจื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื’ื ืžืฉื‘ืฉื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”. ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื—ื•ื–ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžื•ืฉืคืขื™ื ืžื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ื•ื— ื›ืœื›ืœื™. ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื•ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ืข”ื™ ืื™ืœื•ืฆื™ ื”ืฉื•ืง, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ “ื”ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืจืง ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฆืจ ืžืื•ื“ ื•ื”ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช”[156].

ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™, ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื–ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžื•ื˜ื˜ ืืช ื”ืขืกืง. ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื, ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืงืฉื™ื— ื•ืชื—ืœื™ืคื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืขื˜ื™ื, ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžื›ืฉื™ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื. ืกื‘ืกื•ื“ ืฉืžืžื ื• ื ื”ื ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืคืขืœ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืžื ืชืง ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ ืœืžื—ื™ืจื• ื‘ืฉื•ืง. ืงื‘ืœืช ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ื‘ืชื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื”, ืชื”ื™ื™ื ื” ืืฉืจ ืชื”ื™ื™ื ื”, ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื ื—ื™ืฉื•ืช ืžืงื‘ืœื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“.

ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ื”ื ื™ืฆื‘ ืžื•ืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื ืืœืฅ ืœืžืžืŸ ืืช ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื‘ืชื™ื ืžืžื™ืกื•ื™. ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืžื™ืกื•ื™ ื•ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ื ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืคืงื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ื ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ[157]. ืื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืจืฉืื™ื ืœืฉื‘ื•ืช, ืจืืฉื™ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื›ื•ื— ืœื ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ ืขืœ ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื•ื™ื•ืฆื ืฉืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืžืฉื‘ืฉื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืš ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช. ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืจื•ื‘ ื’ื ืœื ืžื•ื“ืข ืœื›ื•ื— ื”ื–ื” ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืขืœืื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ืกื•ื™ ืœืฉื ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื‘ืชื™ื, ื‘ืื•ืช ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืงืฉืจ ืกื™ื‘ืชื™ ื‘ื™ื ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ืฉื˜ืฉ.

ืžืงื‘ืœื™ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™, ืืœื” ืฉืžื•ืกืžื›ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื• ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื‘ืชื™ื, ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืœื ืžืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืืœื ืžืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื. ื”ื ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœืžืฉืœ ืขืœ ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืคืœื— ื”ืฉื•ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืขืœ. ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœืจื•ื‘ ืžืชืงื‘ืœื•ืช ืชื•ืš ืจืื™ื” ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืงืฆืจ. ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืืœื” ืคื•ื˜ืจื•ืช ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ื ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ “ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ” ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš. ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืžืคืกื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืกืคืงืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ื ื–ืง ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ ืจื‘ ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืขื“ืจ ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ. ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืฉื”ืชืืจื›ื” ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืงืฉื•ืชื ื‘ืžื•”ืž ืขื ื”ืฉื•ื‘ืชื™ื, ื™ืกื™ืงื• ืืช ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ื‘ืงืœืคื™.

ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืœื ืจืง ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืœื—ืฅ ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืžื•ืคืขืœ ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื—ื‘[158], ืืœื ืฉื’ื “ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืžืžื•ืžื ื™ื ืข”ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื—ื‘.

ืžืื™ื“ืš ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืื™ื ื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื ืฉืง ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืขืœ ืžืขืกื™ืงื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื—ืœื™ื ื“ื™ื ื™ ืžื ื”ืœ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™, ืฉืžื’ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉืจื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืคื•ื’ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“.

ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืืกื•ืจ ืขืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ื‘ื™ืคืŸ, ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื•ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื”ืœ ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™[159].

ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืคืจื•ืฅ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืžืฉืชืงืช ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžื™ื ืขื“ ื”ื ืคืฉ, ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืฆื•ื•ื™ ืจื™ืชื•ืง. ื‘ืฆื•ื•ื™ ืจื™ืชื•ืง ื ืงืจืื™ื ืฉื•ื‘ืชื™ื ื‘ืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืกื“ื™ืจื”. ืฆื•ื•ื™ ืจื™ืชื•ืง, ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื ื’ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ ื—ื™ืจื•ื ืื• ืฆื•ื•ื™ ืงืจื™ืื” ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืข”ื™ ืžื ื›”ืœ ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืื• ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ืกืžืš ืœื›ืš ื‘ืชืงื ื•ืช ืฉืขืช ื—ื™ืจื•ื (ื”ืชืงืฉ”ื—) ืฉืžื•ืชืงื ื•ืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืื•ืชื• ืกื›ืกื•ืš ืข”ื™ ืฉืจ.

ืฉืจื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืžื•ืกืžื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืงื™ืŸ ื”ืชืงืฉ”ื— ืžื›ื•ื— ืก’ 9 ืœืคืงื•ื“ืช ืกื“ืจื™ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, ืชืฉ”ื— – 1948. ื”ืชืงื ืช ื”ืชืงืฉ”ื— ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ืจืง ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ื•ื›ืจื– ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืฆื‘ ื—ื™ืจื•ื ื•ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉื”ืฉืจ ื”ื•ืกืžืš ืœื›ืš ืข”ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ืฉืจ ื”ืžืชืงื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชืงื ื•ืช ืžืฆื”ื™ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื’ื ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืืกืคืงื” ื•ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื. ืชื•ืงืคืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงืฉ”ื— ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื.

ืžื™ ืฉืžื•ืกืžืš ืœื›ืš ื‘ื”ืชืงืฉ”ื— ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ ืจื™ืชื•ืง ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืื• ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื. ื›ืืฉืจ ืคื’ ืชื•ืงืคื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงืฉ”ื—, ืžืชื‘ื˜ืœื™ื ื’ื ื”ืฆื•ื•ื™ื. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงื‘ืข ืฉื”ืชืงืฉ”ื— ืฉื”ื•ืชืงื ื• ื™ืžื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืชื•ื ืชืงื•ืคืช ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืŸ ืชื•ืงืฃ[160].

ื”ืชืงืฉ”ื— ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื’ื ืงื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืกื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืช ืฆื•ื•ื™ ืจื™ืชื•ืง ื•ืขืœ ื”ื›ืฉืœืชื. ื”ืŸ ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืงื ืก ื•/ืื• ืžืืกืจ, ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ืŸ ืชื•ืš ืฉืœื™ืœื” ืžืœืื” ืื• ื—ืœืงื™ืช ืฉืœ ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ืŸ ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉื›ืจ. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืกื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื”ืžืงืจื™ื ืขื•ืจืจื• ืฆื•ื•ื™ ืจื™ืชื•ืง ืฆืขื“ื™ ืžื—ืื” ืžืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืืœื” ืกื™ืจื•ื‘ ืžืื•ืจื’ืŸ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื, ื”ืชื—ืœื•ืช ืžืื•ืจื’ื ืช, ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ืืœื™ืžื•ืช, ื—ืกื™ืžืช ืฉืขืจื™ ื”ืžืคืขืœ ื•ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื“ืขืช ืงื”ืœ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฆื•ื•ื™ื.

ืจืง ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื”ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืืช ืฆื•ื•ื™ ื”ืจื™ืชื•ืง ื”ื ืฆื™ื™ืชื• ืœื”ื ื•ื—ื–ืจื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืกื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื–ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชืฉ”ื—, ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื (ื›ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื) ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื•ืคืจื• ื”ืฆื•ื•ื™ื, ืœื ื ื ืงื˜ื• ืฉื•ื ืืžืฆืขื™ื. ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื ื ืงื˜ื• ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื, ืจืง ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ื™ื“ ืื—ื“, ื ื ืงื˜ื• ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉ[161].

ื’ื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืกื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืช ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช (ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช) ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ืŸ, ื ื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉื›ืจ, ืžืืกืจ, ืฉืœื™ืœืช ื”ื›ืจื” ืžืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ืงื ืกื•ืช. ื’ื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืื™ืกื•ืจื ื”ืจื—ื‘ ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื’ื“ืœ[162].

ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืคื’ืข ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืžื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื—ื‘, ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืื•ืกืจื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืื™ื ื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืจื˜ ืฉื ืคื’ืข ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืฉื•ื‘ืชื™ื ืื• ืืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื–ืงื™ื. ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ืื ืฉื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืกื•ืคื’ื™ื ืืช ืžืœื•ื ื”ื ื–ืงื™ื ืžื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ืžื–ื” ื›ืฉื ื™ ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ืžืชื—ื–ืงืช ื”ืžื’ืžื” ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืœืืคืฉืจ ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉื ืคื’ืขื• ืžืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื ื’ื“ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื‘ืชื™ื ื•ื ื’ื“ ืืจื’ื•ื ื.

ื‘ืชื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื’ื ื ื˜ื• ืœืืคืฉืจ ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืžื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืžื ื”ืคืจืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ืชื™ืฉืืจ ืœืœื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืข”ื™ ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืกืจ ื›ื•ื— ืื“ื[163].

ืื›ื™ืคืช ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ืข”ื™ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ืช ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื. ืฆื•ื•ื™ ืžื ื™ืขื” ื•ืฆื•ื•ื™ ืจื™ืชื•ืง ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ืคืชื—, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืจืง ืžืขื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ. ื”ื˜ืœืช ืžืœื•ื ื”ืกื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืื™ืจื” ืœืฉื•ื‘ืชื™ื ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžื”ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ืช. ืžื” ื’ื ืฉืื•ืชื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื•ืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืกืžื›ื•ืชื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืกื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช, ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืฉืœื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืฉืฉ ืœื™ื—ืกื™ื ืขื•ื™ื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” . ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืกื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื ืฉืง ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœื—ื•ื–ื” ื•ื”ืŸ ื ื™ืชื ื•ืช ืœืžื•”ืž.

ืžืชืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื ื–ื™ืงื™ื•ืช ืข”ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืœื’ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ื‘ืชื™ื ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืฉื™ื”ื ื•ื’ื ื™ืฉืžืฉ ืžื˜ืจืช ืžื™ื’ื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ื•ืช. ื›ืš ื”ื•ืชืจื• ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื™ื ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ื ืคื’ืขื™ื ืœื ื–ืงื™ื ืฉื ื’ืจืžื• ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉื‘ืชื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื‘ ื•ืืคืฉืจื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉืœื›ืช ืžื™ ื‘ื™ื•ื‘ ืœื ื”ืจ ื•ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื•[164], ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจื™ื[165] ื•ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ื›ื‘ืื™ ืืฉ[166].

ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉื‘ื• ืงื™ื™ื ื”ืกื›ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ื”ืื•ืกืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื”, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” ื–ื” ื—ื•ื–ื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืฆื’ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ืœื˜ื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื. ื—ื•ื–ื” ื›ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืื–ืจื— ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืงื™ื•ื ื”ื—ื•ื–ื”, ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื”ื˜ื™ื‘ ืขืžื•[167]. ืื–ืจื—, ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชื• ื›ืคืจื˜ ื•ืœื ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ืชื ืื™ ื–ื” ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžืกืคืง ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืื–ืจื—ื™ื[168]. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื–ื” ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืฉื•ื‘ืชื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืจืฉืœื ื•ืช, ืžื˜ืจื“ ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ ื•ืžื˜ืจื“ ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ[169].

ืžืชืŸ ืœืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืฉื•ื‘ืชื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืชืืคืฉืจ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” – ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ืืจื’ื•ื ื ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืกื™ืง[170].

14. ืขืชื™ื“ื ืฉืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”

ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืงื˜ื ื™ื. ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1992 ืžืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืž- 17% ืฉื›ื™ืจื™ื ืœื ื—ืงืœืื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ืžืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืž- 12% ืžื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื™ื, ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ื–ื”ื” ืœื–ื” ืฉื‘- 1929. ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื” ื ืžื•ืš ืคื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืžืจื‘ื™ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1953 (35.7%). ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœืจื“ืช[171].

ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื”ื ื”ืŸ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื“ื•ืขื›ืช ื’ื ื”ื™ื. ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ืื™ื ื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื’ืข ืขื ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื[172].

ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืืœื” ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ, ืžื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช. ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื›ื•ื‘ื“ ื ืข ืžื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืœื”ืกืคืงืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื. ื ื•ืฆืจื• ืขื ืคื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืขื ืคื™ื ื™ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื ืขืœืžื•. ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ืœื ื—ื“ืจ ืœืขื ืคื™ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื. ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉื”ื—ืจื™ืคื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ืจื™ืขื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืžืคืขืœื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื›ื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœื ืžืื•ืจื’ืŸ. ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืžืคืขืœื™ื ื›ืืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ืžื™ืฉื™ื, ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ื•ื”ื ืืœื” ืฉืฉืจื“ื•. ืžื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื ืจืง ืœื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืงื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืžืงืฆื•ืข, ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืžืฉื ื” ืขืฆื ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ืœื ืœื—ื™ื ื ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœืžื—ืฉื•ื‘[173].

ื™ื—ืกื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื™ื ื•ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช. ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื™ืขื•ืฉ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืฉืžืœื•ื•ื” ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืžืชื•ืขืฉืช[174] (ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœ”ืกื“ืจ ืžื•ืจื—ื‘” ืœืคื™ ืœืฉื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื.ืค. ื”ื™ื™ืง).

ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืœื›ืš ื‘ืจื•ืจ. ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื›ื–ืืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืžื ืฆืœืช ืืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืคืจื˜. ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื›ืœ ืคืจื˜ ืืช ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ืชืจื•ืžืชื• ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืคืจื˜ ื”ื–ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ื•ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืชืจื•ื. ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžืชืืคืฉืจ ืจืง ืชื•ืš ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื›ืœ ืคืจื˜ื™ื, ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื™ื[175].

ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืคื™ ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืžืืฉืจ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช ืœืžืจื•ืช ืจืžืชื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช. ื›ืš ืžื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ 1986 – 1995 ืขื•ืœื” ืฉืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ืžืกืชื›ื ื‘ืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘- 558,700 ื™ืžื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืฉื ื” ืœืขื•ืžืช 376,300 ื™ืžื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืืจื””ื‘ ื•- 132,929 ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”. ืื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืคืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืืœื” ื‘ืืจื””ื‘ ื•ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื ื’ื™ืข ืœืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช.

ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื™ืžื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืขื•ืœื” ืคื™ ืฉื™ืฉื” ืžื–ื” ืฉื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉ”ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืจื™ืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืœืคืขืจ ื›ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืœืขื™ืœ. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžืชื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“, ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืจืง ืฉืžื™ื™ื ื”ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืœื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื.

ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉื”ืขื™ื•ื•ืชื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื•ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ื ื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ืงืจ ืžื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื ื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื—ืกื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืขื ืงื• ืœืฉื•ื‘ืชื™ื.

15. ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืžื™ื ื•ื”ืžืกืงื ื•ืช

ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื”ื‘ืื™ื:

ื. ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื:

1.         ืจืฆื•ื™ ืœืฉื™ื ืงืฅ ืœืฉื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช, ื›ืš ืฉื”ืกื›ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ืฉื›ื•ืจืช ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื™ื—ื•ืœ ืจืง ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื•. ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื”ืกื“ืจื™ื ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื›ืžืชื•ืืจ ืœื”ืœืŸ.

2.         ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช. ื™ืฉ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืืช ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงื™ื™ื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื—ื•ื–ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื™ืฉื™ ืœื—ื•ื–ื” ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™.

3.         ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืืœื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืชื—ืช ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืฉืœ ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืžืžืœืื›ืชื™ืช ืฉืชื›ืœื•ืœ ืœืžืฉืœ ื ืฆื™ื’ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื”, ื ืฆื™ื’ ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ื ืฆื™ื’ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ื›ื•’.

4.         ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื–ืืช ื’ื ืชืงื‘ืข ืืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ืช ืœืคื™ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ืฉื™ื™ืงื‘ืขื• ื‘ื—ื•ืง. ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžื ื—ื” ืฉื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื” ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ.

5.         ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™.

6.         ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื ื”ืœ ืžื•”ืž ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืŸ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืฆืขืชื ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืžื•”ืž ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ืชื ืฆื— ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช.

7.         ื™ืฉ ืœืืกื•ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืกื›ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ืฉื™ื—ื•ืœ ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ื™ื.

8.         ื™ืฉ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืืช ื”ื ื•ื”ืœ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ื•, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื ื”ืœื” ืชืงื•ืคืชื™ื•ืช, ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—, ื–ื›ื•ืช ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืกืžื›ื™ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื•ื›ื•’.

9.         ื™ืฉ ืœืืกื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžื™ื–ื•ื’ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื.

10.       ื™ืฉ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืชื ืื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื, ืœื”ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขื ื•ืช ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืขืกืง ืžืกื—ืจื™ ื•ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ื‘ืขืกืง ืžืกื—ืจื™.

ื‘. ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”:

1.         ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืžื•ืฉื’ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื‘ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืชื›ืœื•ืœ ื”ืคืกืงื” ืžืœืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืขื–ื™ื‘ืช ืžืงื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.

2.         ืœื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืงื˜ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืื• ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื” ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ืช ืื—ืจืช (ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื—ืชื™ืžื” ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™) ืœืขืจื•ืš ื”ืฆื‘ืขืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืชื—ืช ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืฉืœ ื ืฆื™ื’ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื”. ื–ื” ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืฉืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ื‘ื—ืงื™ืงื”.

3.         ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื—ืกื™ื ื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ืฉืชื—ื•ืœ ืจืง ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื›ืจื–ื• ืข”ื™ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืกืžืš ืชื•ืš ืงื™ื•ื ื›ืœ ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืคืจื•ืฆื“ื•ืจืœื™ื™ื (ื”ืฆื‘ืขื”, ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ื•ื›ื•’).

4.         ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ืื—ืจ ืœื ืชื—ื•ืœ ืฉื•ื ื—ืกื™ื ื•ืช. ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ื™ื‘ื—ื ื• ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ืื™ืฉื™ ื•ื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื ืœืกื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขืชื™ื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ืืฉืจ ื™ื›ืœืœื• ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ืŸ ืœืœื ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ืŸ. ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื’ื ื—ืฉื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ื›ืœ ื”ื ืคื’ืขื™ื.

5.         ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืฉื”ืžืขืกื™ืง ืจืฉืื™ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืคืขืœ ื’ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืขืกื™ืง ืื•ืชื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื–ื” ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืขืกืงื™ื ืข”ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื›ื•ื— ืื“ื.

ื’. ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™.

1.         ื™ืฉ ืœืืกื•ืจ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฆืžื™ื“ ืืช ืฉื›ืจื ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืœืฉื›ืจ ืขืžื™ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™.

2.         ื™ืฉ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืฉืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉื‘ืชื• ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื•ืช.


[1]  ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื’ื™ืฉื” ื—ื•ื–ื™ืช ืœื™ื—ืกื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ื ืจืื™ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช, ื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื” ืžื•ื‘ื ืช ืžืืœื™ื”. ื›ืš ืขื“ ืœืจื‘ืข ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” 19, ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื”, ื‘ืืจื””ื‘ ื•ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืžืขืžื“. ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ืขืกืงื” ื ืงื‘ืขื” ืข”ื™ ืžื ื”ื’. ื”ืคืกืงื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืฉืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ืจืง ืขืงื‘ “ืกื™ื‘ื” ืกื‘ื™ืจื””. ื”ื—ืœืช ื“ื™ื ื™ ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื ื™ืชื•ืง ืงืฉืจ ืื™ืฉื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ืืคืฉืจื• ืชื™ืขื•ืฉ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช (J.G.Getman, T.C.Kohler; The Common Law, Labor Law, and Reality: A Response to Professor Epstein, 92 The Yale Law Journal (1983) 1415, 1418). ืขืœ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื ืกื™ื’ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืžืขืžื“ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืจืื” ื‘ืค. ืจื“ืื™, ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื” ืœื“ื™ื ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื™”ื˜ (ืชืฉ”ืŸ) 787, 792.

[2] ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉื ื ืžืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื“ื™ื ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื™ื ื ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ืกื“ืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื“ื™ื ื™ื ืื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื:R.A.Epstein; A Common Law For Labor Relations: A Critique of the New Deal Labor Legislation. 92 The Yale Law Journal (1983) 1357

[3]  L.von Mises; Socialism An Economic and Sociological Analysis (Liberty Classics pub.) Ch. 1.1

[4] ื‘ืจื•ื— ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื–ืžื ื• ืฉื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืชืขืกื•ืงืชื™ ื”ื ื” ื–ื›ื•ืช ืžืขื™ืŸ ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” (ื“ื‘”ืข ืœื’/ 9-3 ืฆืจื™ ื . ืจื™ืงืก ืคื“”ืข ื“ 477, 494). ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื–ื• ื ื‘ืœืžื” ืข”ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืœืฆื“ืง (ื‘ื’”ืฆ 254/73 ืฆืจื™ ื . ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืค”ื“ ื›”ื— (1) 825; ื‘ื’”ืฆ 473/77 ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื . ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืค”ื“ ืœื‘(1) 825) ืืฉืจ ื”ืคืš ืืช ื”ื”ืœื›ื”. ืื•ืœื ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ืœื›ื” ื”ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื™ื ื ืคื•ืกืงื™ื. ื›ืš ื‘ืกื›ืกื•ืš ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืคืจืฅ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืคืขืœ ื—ื™ืคื” ื›ื™ืžื™ื›ืœื™ื, ื˜ืขื ื• ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช “ื›ื™ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ ื™ืฉ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืงื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืคืขืœ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืฉืงื™ืข ืืช ืžื™ืจื‘ ืฉื ื•ืชื™ื•, ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืืฉืจ ืœืžืขื‘ื™ื“ื•” (“ืขืกืงื™ื – ืžืขืจื™ื‘”, 4.2.97, ื‘ืขืž’ 8)

[5] W.E. Forbath; Courts, Constitutions, and Labor Politics in England and America: A Study of the Constitutive Power of Law, 16Law and Social Inquiry (1991) 1.

[6] ืจืื” ื™. ื•ื™ืกืžืŸ, ื”ื’ื ื” ื—ื•ืงืชื™ืช ืœืงื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜, ืžื‘, 258.

[7] ืจืข”ื 7112/93 ืฆื•ื“ืœืจ ื . ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืค”ื“ ืžื—(5) 550, 562.

[8] K.van Wezel Stone; The Legacy of Industrial Pluralism: The Tension Between Individual Employment Rights and the New Deal Collective Bargaining System. 59The U. of Chicago Law Rev. (1992) 575

[9] R.A.Posner; Some Economics of Labor Law 51The University of Chicago Law Review (1984) 988, 990; T.J.Campbell; Labor Law and Economics, 38Stanford Law Rev. (1986) 991   

[10] ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืฉื•ืง ืขื ืงื•ื ื” ืื—ื“ (monopsony).

[11] M.L. Wachter, G.M. Cohen; The Law and Economics of Collective Bargaining: An Introduction and Application to the Problems of Subcontracting, Partial Closure and Relocation, 136University ofPennsylvania Law Review (1988) 1349, 1360-1

[12] ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ื•ืŸ ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื›ื–ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื•ืื™ืžื•ืŸ. ืื ืขืœ ื”ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ, ื›ืš ืฉื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืฉื›ืจ ื ืžื•ืš ืžื–ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืœืžืœื ืชืจื ืœืื™ืžื•ื ื•, ืืš ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžื–ื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืงื‘ืœ ืื™ืœืžืœื ืชืจื•ืžืช ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ืœืื™ืžื•ื ื•, ื–ื” ื™ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื. ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื™ืงื‘ืœ ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื™ืคื•ื˜ืจ, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื– ืชืจื“ ืœื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืงืขืช ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ื‘ื•. ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ืžืฆื“ื• ืžืงื‘ืœ ืชืžื•ืจื” ื‘ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื—ืœืงื™ ืข”ื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืื™ืžื•ืŸ.

[13] R.A.Posner; Economic Analis of Law 322 (Little, Brown and Company, the 4th ed.) 

[14] ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืžื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ืœื”ืขืกื™ืง ืคื—ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขื ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื•ื›ืœืœ ื•ื™ืงืจ.

[15] ืœืžืฉืœ ืข”ื™ ื”ืขืชืงืช ืžืคืขืœ ืœืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื—ืœืฉื™ื ืื• ืข”ื™ ื”ื—ืœืคืช ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื™ื.

[16] R.A.Posner; Economic Analis of Law 322 (Little, Brown and Company, the 4th ed.) 

[17] ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉื›ืจ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื ื”ื ืคื’ืขื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื”ื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื—ืœืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื•ืช, ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื, ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ืฆื‘ื, ืขื•ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ื™ื. ื”ืขืœืืช ืฉื›ืจ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื ืœื ืชืคื’ืข ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉืฉื›ืจื ื’ื‘ื•ื”, ื•ืฉืžืžื™ืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืฉื›ืจ ืžืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™. ื•ืจืื” ืž. ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ; ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื ื•ื—ื•ืคืฉ (ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืื“ื) ื‘ืขืž’ 110.

[18] ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืง ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืชื ืื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ืœื ืžืื•ืจื’ืŸ ื™ื–ื›ื• ืžื”ืกื“ืจื™ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื™ื. ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืจืื•ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืžืื•ืจื’ืŸ ืขืชื™ืจ ื”ื•ืŸ. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉื›ื•ืจื•ืช ืขื•ืœื•ืช, ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื™ืขืœื• ื•ื”ืชืคื•ืงื” ืชืจื“. ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื–ืจื™ืžืช ื”ื”ื•ืŸ ืžื”ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืžืื•ืจื’ืŸ ืœืžื’ื–ืจ ืœื ืžืื•ืจื’ืŸ.

[19] D.E. Bernstein; Roots of the “Underclass”: The Decline of Laissez-Faire Jurisprudence and the Rise of Racist Labor Legislation, 43The American University Law Rev. (1993) 85, 92-99.

[20] R.A.Posner; Some Economics of Labor Law 51The University of Chicago Law Review (1984) 988, 1002   

[21] ืก’ 2 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื™ื, ืชืฉื™”ื– – 1957

[22] ืก’ 3 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื™ื, ืชืฉื™”ื– – 1957

[23] ืก’ 4 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื™ื, ืชืฉื™”ื– – 1957

[24] ืก’ 15, 16 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื™ื, ืชืฉื™”ื– – 1957

[25] ืก’ 25 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื™ื, ืชืฉื™”ื– – 1957. ื”ืกื›ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ืฉื—ืœ ืขืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžื•ืขืกืงื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื’ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืขืกืงื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืงื‘ืœืŸ ื›ื•ื— ื”ืื“ื ื™ื—ื•ืœ ื’ื ืขืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืขืกืงื™ื ืข”ื™ ืงื‘ืœืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื (ื—ื•ืง ื”ืขืกืงืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื‘ืœื ื™ ื›ื•ื— ืื“ื, ื”ืชืฉื ”ื• – 1996).

[26] ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืกืคืง ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ “ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื”: ืžืฉื›ื•ืจื•ืช, ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ื•ืœืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ ืฆืžืฆื•ื, ืขืจื•ืฅ ืœื”ื’ืฉืช ืชืœื•ื ื•ืช, ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื‘ืžืคืขืœ ื•ืขื•ื“ (D.L.Leslie; Labor Bargaining Units 70Virginia Law Rev.(1984) 353, 354

[27] R.A.Epstein; In Defense of the Contract at Will. 51The University of Chicago Law Review (1984) 947, 953

[28] ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœื—ื•ื–ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื™ืฉื™ ื•ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืชื—ื™ืงืชื™ืช ืื• ืžื™ื ื”ืœื™ืช ื‘ื• ืขื‘ืจื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ืจืื• ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื™ืฉื™ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื—ื•ืงืชื™ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื” ืข”ื™ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช (Coppage v. Kansas, 236 U.S. 1 (1915); Adair v. U.S., 208 U.S. 161 (1908); Lochner v. N.Y., 198 U.S. 45 (1905))  ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื—ืœ ืžืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื, ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืœื—ื•ื–ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื™ืฉื™ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืืœ ืคื™ืงืฆื™ื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช (West Coast Hotel v. Parrish, 300 U.S. 379 (1937)). ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื” ืชื—ื™ื™ื” ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื–ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื™ืฉื™ (A.Hyde, F.Sheed, M.D.Uua; After Smirna: Rights and Powers of Unions That Represent Less Than A Majority 45Rutgers Law Rev.(1993) 637, 648).

[29] ืžื ื”ืœื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”, ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ื•ื“ื“, ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื–ื• ืื• ืื—ืจืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœืงื‘ื™ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ืช  (D.L.Leslie; Labor Bargaining Units 70Virginia Law Rev.(1984) 353, 383)

[30] National Labor Relations Act a.9(b), 29U.S.C. a. 159(b) (1982)  

[31] R.A.Posner; Some Economics of Labor Law 51The University of Chicago Law Review (1984) 988, 995   

[32] R.A.Posner; Economic Analysis of Law 326 (Little, Brown and Company, the 4th ed.) 

[33] National Labor Relations Act a.9(b), 29U.S.C. a. 152(3), 152(11), 157 (1982)

[34] R.R. Carlson; The Origin and Future of Exclusive Representation in American Labor Law, 30Duquesne Law Rev. (1992) 779, 812.

[35] R.A.Gorman; Basic Text on Labor Law: Unionization and Collective Bargaining (1976).  

[36] National Labor Relations Act a.9(b), 29U.S.C. a. 159(a) (1982)

[37] A.Hyde, F.Sheed, M.D.Uua; After Smirna: Rights and Powers of Unions That Represent Less Than A Majority 45Rutgers Law Rev.(1993) 637. C. Summers; Unions Without Majority – A Black Hole? 66Chicago-Kent Law Rev. (1990) 531, 576.

[38] ืœื“/ 3-30 ืขืจื“ ื ’ ืคืœื“ ืคื“”ืข ื” 431; ืžื“/ 2-29 ืฉืคื™ืœืžืŸ ื ’ ืžื’ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ ืื“ื•ื ืคื“”ืข ื˜ื– 450; ืœื—/ 3-61 ืกืคืงื˜ื•ืจ ื ’ ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ื ืžืœื™ื ืคื“”ืข ื™ 118; ืœื’/ 4-3 ืฉื˜ืจื™ืช ื ’ ืžืกืคื ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืข”ืž ืคื“”ืข ื“ 337. ืขืœ ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ื˜ืœื” ื‘ืงื•ืจืช ืงืฉื” ื‘ืค. ืจื“ืื™; ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื” ืœื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื™”ื˜, ืชืฉ”ืŸ, 787, 794

[39] ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ (ื“ื‘”ืข ืœื’/ 4-7 ืื˜ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ – ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืกื’ืœ ื”ืืงื“ืžื™, ืคื“”ืข ื” 85, 97), ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช ืžื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ (sic!)(ื“ื‘”ืข ืžื‘/ 5-2 ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช – ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืคื–, ืคื“”ืข ื™ื“ 367, 384), ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืงื™ื•ื ืขืฆืžืื™ ืžืฉืœื• ืœืืจื’ื•ืŸ, ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœืงื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ืงื‘ืข ื•ืงื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ืชืงื ื•ืŸ (ื“ื‘”ืข ืœื’/ 4-7 ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ – ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืกื’ืœ ื”ืืงื“ืžื™, ืคื“”ืข ื” 85, 97).

[40] ืžื—/ 5-1 ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื‘ื ืง ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ ื . ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืคื“”ืข ื›”ื 283; ื ื’/ 5-1 ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื . ื”ื”ืกืชืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืคื“”ืข ื›”ื” 516;

[41] ืจื“ืื™, ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื” ืœื“ื™ื ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื™”ื˜ (ืชืฉ”ืŸ) 787, 795.

[42] K.W. Thornicroft; Case Comments, 71The Canadian Bar Rev. (1992) 155, 156. 

[43] ืก’ 2 ืœืืžื ื” ืžืก’ 98 ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืืจื’ืŸ ื•ืœื ื”ืœ ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ืžืฉื ืช 1949 ืื•ืกืจ ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ื‘ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื.

[44] ืจื“ืื™, ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื” ืœื“ื™ื ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื™”ื˜ (ืชืฉ”ืŸ) 787, 797.

[45] ืจืื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื–ื”: ืืžื ื” ืžืก’ 87 ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื’ื ืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืืจื’ืŸ ืžืฉื ืช 1948.

[46] Sigurjonsson v. Iceland, 264 Eur. Ct. H.R. (ser. A) at 25 (1993)

[47] Keller v. Sate Bar of California, 496 U.S. 1 (1990) ื•ืจืื” ื‘- W.K. Davis; Sigurjonsson v. Iceland: The European Court of Human Rights Expands the Negative Right Of Association, 27 Case W. Res. J. Intern. Law (1995) 301, 310

[48] R. Buschmann; Workers Participation and Collective Bargaining in Germany, 15Comparative Labor Law J. (1993) 26.

[49] R.Kidner; Unjustified Discipline by Trade Union, 20Industrial Law J. (1991) 284.

[50] S.J.Schwab; Union Raids, Union Democracy, and the Market for Union Control, 1992University of Illinois Law Rev. 367, 368. ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืจื ืจื“ ืฉื•ืื•:โ€No King is as safe in office as a Trade Union Officialโ€ (G.B. Shaw, The Apple Cart (1930)). ื•ืจืื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืืคื™ื” ืขืœ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘- R.M.Mastro, S.C.Bennett, M.P.Donlevy; Private Plaintiffsโ€™ Use of Equitable Remedies Under the RICO Statute: A Means to Reform Corrupted Labor Unions,24U. of Michigan J. of Law Reform 571.

[51] Labor Management Relations Act (1947), 29U.S.C. sec. 141-169, 171-197; Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act (1954), 29U.S.C. sec. 401;

[52] 29U.S.C. sec. 206(d)

[53] 42U.S.C. sec. 2000e

[54] Steele v. Louisville & Nashville Railroad Co., 323 US 192 (1944); Ford Motor Company v. Huffman 345 US 330 (1953);

[55] K.L. Peck; Union Liability Under the Age Discrimination in Employment Act, 56The University of Chicago Law Review (1989) 1087, 1107.

[56] ืจื“ืื™, ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื” ืœื“ื™ื ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื™”ื˜ (ืชืฉ”ืŸ) 787, 793.

[57] S.J.Schwab; Union Raids, Union Democracy, and the Market for Union Control, 1992University of Illinois Law Rev. 367, 369.

[58] S.J.Schwab; Union Raids, Union Democracy, and the Market for Union Control, 1992University of Illinois Law Rev. 367, 388.

[59] J.L.Greenslade; Labor Unions and the Sherman Act: Rethinking Laborโ€™s Nonstatutory Exemption 22Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review (1988) 151

[60] ืจืื” ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ J.L.Greenslade; Labor Unions and the Sherman Act: Rethinking Laborโ€™s Nonstatutory Exemption 22Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review (1988) 151, 155-156

[61] Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) 15U.S.C. a. 1-7  (1982) & Clayton Act (1914) 15U.S.C. a. 12-27 (1982), 29U.S.C. a. 52-53 (1982) 

[62] ืก’ 1 ืœื—ื•ืง ืฉืจืžืŸ ืงื•ื‘ืข: โ€œEvery contract, combination in form of the form of a trust of otherwise, or conspirasy, in restrain of trade or commerce … is hereby declared to be illegal… .”

[63] Loewe v. Lawler 208U.S. 274 (1908)   ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืืœืฅ ืืช ื”ื ื”ืœืช ื”ืžืคืขืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ืกื“ืจ ืœืคื™ื• ื‘ืžืคืขืœ ื™ื•ืขืกืงื• ืจืง ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ (closed shop).

[64] Sec. 6, 20 of the Clayton Act, 15U.S.C. par. 17 (1982) 29U.S.C. par. 52 (1982)

[65] ืก’ 26 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ื”ื’ื‘ืœื™ื ื”ืขืกืงื™ื™ื ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ: “ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืง ื–ื” ื™ืจืื• ื›ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžื›ืœืœ ืืกืคืงืช ื ื›ืกื™ื ืื• ืžื›ืœืœ ืจื›ื™ืฉืชื, ืื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžื›ืœืœ ืžืชืŸ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื, ืื• ืžื›ืœืœ ืจื›ื™ืฉืชื … “. ื•ื ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืฉ”ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื”.

[66] ื‘- 1993 ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืคื” ืžืงืจื” ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื›ืจื™ื–ื• ืงืฆื™ื ื™ ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื”, ืชื•ืš ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืฉืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืคื—ื ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืื ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื•ืช ืขื ืฆื•ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืงืจื˜ืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืœื ื”ื•ืขืœื”. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืคืกืง ืฉื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืœื ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื ื’ื“ ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ื”ืฉื•ื‘ืชื™ื ืืœื ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืœื—ืฅ ืขืœ ืฆื“ ื’’. ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื›ื–ืืช (secondary boycott) ืื™ื ื ื” ืขื•ื ื” ืœื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื‘ืชื™ื ื—ืฉื•ืคื™ื ืœืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื ื–ื™ืงื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื’ืจื ื”ืคืจืช ื—ื•ื–ื”, ื”ืกื’ืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœ, ืจืฉืœื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคืจืช ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื—ืงื•ืงื” (ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง) (ื””ืค (ื—ื™ืคื”) 1380/93 ื”ื—ื‘’ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœื”ืกืคืงืช ืคื—ื ื‘ืข”ืž ื ’ ืืคืจื™ื ืžืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ (ืœื ืคื•ืจืกื).

[67] Duplex v. Deering 254U.S. 443 (1921)

[68] Justice Frankfurter in United States v. Hutcheson 312U.S. 219 (1941) at 232  

[69] Allen Bradley Co. v. Local No. 3, IBEW 325U.S. 797 (1945), 809-811

[70] Justice White in Local No. 189 v. Jewel Tea Co. 381U.S. 676 (1965) at 662

[71] Local No. 189 v. Jewel Tea Co. 381U.S. 676 (1965) at 665-666

[72] R.A.Posner; Economic Analysis of Law 331 (Little, Brown and Company, the 4th ed.) 

[73] D.Leslie; Right to Control: A Study in Secondary Boycotts and Labor Antitrust, 89 Harvard Law Review (1976) 904

[74] ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื“’ ืœื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ื›ืœื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืชื—ืช ื›ื ืคื™ื• ืฉืœ ืขืจืš “ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืื“ื” ื”ืžืขื•ื’ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื™ืกื•ื“: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืื“ื ื•ื—ื™ืจื•ืชื• ื‘ื‘ื’”ืฆ 1074/93 ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ื ’ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืขืž’ 425. ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืž’ ื—ืฉื™ืŸ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ืืช (ื‘ื‘ื’”ืฆ 1074/93 ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ื ’ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืขืž’ 506. ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื ื“ื” ืงื‘ืข ืฉื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืื™ื ื ื” ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื”ืชืื’ื“ื•ืช, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžืขื•ื’ื ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืงื” ื”ืงื ื“ื™ืช (H.W.Arthurs et al., Labor Law and Industrial Relations in Canada 19 (3rd ed. 1988))

[75] National Labor Relations Act sec.8(a)(1), 29U.S.C. sec. 158(a)(1) (1982)

[76] ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื”ืŸ ื‘ืข”ื 25/71 ืคื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื ’ ืžื•ืจื™ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืขืœ-ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื, ืค”ื“ ื›ื”(1) 129, 131. ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืืžืฆื™ื ื”ืคืจืฉื ื™ื™ื ื ื™ื›ืจื™ื ืœืžืฆื™ืืช ืžืงื•ืจ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœ”ื–ื›ื•ืช” ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืจ. ื‘ืŸ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ; ืžืฉืคื˜ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™: ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” (ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืกื“ืŸ, 1987) ืขืž’ 13-21.

[77] ื“ื‘”ืข ืœื–/ 4-3 ื•ืขื“ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืงืฆื”ื – ื—ื‘ืจืช ืงืฆื”ื ื‘ืข”ืž, ืคื“”ืข ื— 421, 453.

[78] ื‘ื’”ืฆ 289/79 ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ื ืžืœื™ื ื . ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืค”ื“ ืœื“ (2) 141, 152; ื“ื‘”ืข ืœื”/ 4-4 ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ืืจืฆื™ ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช – ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืคื“”ืข 281, 288.

[79] ืž. ื’ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื’; ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื‘ื—ื•ืง, ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ื•ื‘ืคืกื™ืงื”, ื”ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ ืชืฉืž”ื– 1987, 51, 54.

[80] R.A.Posner; Some Economics of Labor Law 51The University of Chicago Law Review (1984) 988, 997   

[81] ื“ื‘”ืข ืœ/5-2 ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื – ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืคื“”ืข ื‘ 58, 71.

[82] ืž. ื’ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื’; ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื ื•ื›ื— ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ื”ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ ืœื” 85.

[83] NLRB v. Mackay Radio & Tel. Co., 304U.S. 333 (1938) ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืฉื•ื‘ืชื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื—ืจื™ ื’ืžืจ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืื ืœื ื ื•ืชืจื• ืžืฉืจื•ืช ืคื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžื—ืœื™ืคื™ื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื.

[84] J.A.Spector; Replacement and Reinstatement of Strikers in the United States, Great Britain, and Canada, 13Comparative Labor Law Journal 184, 209 

[85] ืขืœ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืคื˜ืจ ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื‘ืชื™ื, ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื” ืข”ื™ ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ืจืื”:S.Levinson; Sacking troublemakers – a practical solution? 141 New Law J. (1991) 848. 

[86] H.W.Arthurs et al., Labor Law and Industrial Relations in Canada 258     (3rd ed. 1988)  ื•ืจืื”: Industrial Relations Act, R.S.N.B., ch. I-4,  sec. 101(2)(1973)

[87] L.Bierman, R.Gely; Strikers Replacement: A Law, Economics, and Negotiations Approach, 68Southern California Law Rev. 363, 375   

[88] R.A.Posner; Economic Analysis of Law 328 (Little, Brown and Company, the 4th ed.) 

[89] Notes; One Strike and Youโ€™re out? Creating an Efficient Permanent Replacement Doctrine, 106Harvard Law Rev. 669, 679

[90] ืจ. ื‘ืŸ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ; ืžืฉืคื˜ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™, ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” (ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืกื“ืŸ, 1987) ืขืž’ 36

[91] ื“ื‘”ืข ืœื•/ 4-5 ื’ื™ื ืกื˜ืœืจ – ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืคื“”ืข ื— 3, 27

[92] ื“ื‘”ืข ืœื•/ 4-5 ื’ื™ื ืกื˜ืœืจ – ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืคื“”ืข ื— 3, 28

[93] J.A.Spector; Replacement and Reinstatement of Strikers in the United States, Great Britain, and Canada, 13Comparative Labor Law Journal 184, 186.

[94] Secretary of State for Employment v. ASLEF (no.2) [1972] 2All E.R. 949 (C.A.)

[95] Lord Wedderburn; Vicarious Liability and Responsabilite Civile in Strikes: Comparative Notes, 20The Industrial Law J. (1991) 188, 190. 

[96] ื“ื‘”ืข ืœื•/ 4-5 ื’ื™ื ืกื˜ืœืจ – ืž”ื™, ืคื“”ืข ื—, 3, 27-28

[97] ื›ืš ืืกื™ืคืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” (ื“ื‘”ืข ืœื—/ 4-8 ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื – ื›ื™ืชืŸ ื“ื™ืžื•ื ื”, ืคื“”ืข ื™ื 29 ), ื•ืกื’ื™ืจืช ืฉืขืจื™ ืžืคืขืœ (ื“ื‘”ืข ืžื/ 4-18 ืžื•ืขืฆืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ ื‘ืืจ-ืฉื‘ืข – ืžืคืขืœื™ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื‘ืข”ืž, ืคื“”ืข ื™ื“ 225) ื”ื•ื›ืจื• ื›ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช.

[98] ื“ื‘”ืข ืžื/ 4-18 ืžื•ืขืฆืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ ื‘ืืจ-ืฉื‘ืข – ืžืคืขืœื™ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื‘ืข”ืž, ืคื“”ืข ื™ื“ 225.

[99] ื“ื‘”ืข ืœื’/ 4-3 ืฉื˜ืจื™ืช – ืžืกืคื ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืข”ืž, ืคื“”ืข ื“ 337 , 355-356.

[100] ืž. ื’ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื’; ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื ื•ื›ื— ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ื”ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ ืœื” 85, 86.

[101] ืช.ื. (ืช”ื) 2233/89 ื‘ื ืง ื‘ืจืงืœื™ืก ื“ื™ืกืงื•ื ื˜ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ’ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ืืจืฆื™ (ืœื ืคื•ืจืกื).

[102] ื“ื‘”ืข ืœื/ 4-5 ื”ื”ืกืชื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช – ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื, ืคื“”ืข ื’ 253.

[103] ื“ื‘”ืข ืžื•/ 4-7 ื•ืขื“ ื”ืžืฆื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจื™ืช ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื• – ืขื™ืจื™ืช ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื•, ืคื“”ืข ื™ื– 264, 269.

[104] ื‘ืŸ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ; ืžืฉืคื˜ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™: ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” (ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืกื“ืŸ, 1987) ืขืž’ 58.

[105] ืจืื” ืœืžืฉืœ: ืจ. ื‘ืŸ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ; ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช, ืขื™ื•ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื™ื (3) 609.

[106] ืค. ืจื“ืื™; ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘’, 159.

[107] R. Bean; Industrial Disputes in Developing Economies and Developed Market Economies: Comparative Profiles, 15Comparative Labor Law (1993) 37.

[108] ื‘ื’”ืฆ 525/84 ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ ื ’ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืค”ื“ ืž(1) 673, 703-704.

[109] F.Raday; Costs of Dismissial:An Analysis in Community Justice and Efficiency 9Inter. Rev. of Law and Economics (1989) 181  

[110] ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ ืฆืžืฆื•ื ืฉื”ื ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื—ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืกืง ื”ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื™ื™ื” ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืžืžืœื™ืฆื•ืช ืœืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื“ืข ื•ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฅ ืืชื, ืืš ืœื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืš (ืค. ืจื“ืื™; ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘’, 159, 164).

[111] ื“ื‘”ืข ื ื‘/ 4-21 ืž”ื™ – ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช (ื˜ืจื ืคื•ืจืกื)

[112] ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื‘ืจืง ืจืื” ื‘ืค. ืจื“ืื™; ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘’, 159, 168-169.

[113] ื“ื‘”ืข ื ื‘/ 4-37 ื‘ื ืง ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืข”ืž – ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื‘ื ืง ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืข”ืž ืคื“”ืข ื›ื” 53.

[114] ื“ื‘”ืข ื ื’/ 4-4 ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช – ื‘ื–ืง ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืœืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ืข”ืž (ื˜ืจื ืคื•ืจืกื)

[115] ื‘ื’”ืฆ 1074/93 ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ื ’ ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืืจืฆื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืค”ื“ ืžื˜ (2) 485.

[116] ื“ื‘”ืข ืžื“/ 3-29 ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ – ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ ืคื“”ืข ื˜ื• 393.

[117] ื‘ื’”ืฆ ื”ืกื™ืง ืืช ื”ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืžืขื™ืŸ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืžื”ื’ื“ืจืช ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื‘ืก’ 37ื ืœื—ื•ืง ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืชืฉื™”ื– – 1957.

[118] ื“ื‘”ืข ื ื‘/ 4-17 ืž”ื™ – ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืคื“”ืข ื›ื• 87.

[119] ื‘ื’”ืฆ 289/79 ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ื ืžืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ’ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืค”ื“ ืœื“(2) 141, 152.

[120] ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ืฆื™ื’ ืงื™ื™ื ืื ืงื™ื™ื ื”ืกื›ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ืคืš; ืจืื”: ืจ. ื‘ืŸ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ; ืžืฉืคื˜ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™, ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” (ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืกื“ืŸ, 1987) ืขืž’ 62

[121] ืœืคื™ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื’ื ื›ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืฉืœื ื”ื•ื›ืจื–ื” ืข”ื™ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื›ืฉื™ืจ ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœื™ื”, ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืœื–/ 4-13 ืžื•ืขืฆืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ ืจืžืช-ื’ืŸ – “ืืœืงื•”, ืคื“”ืข ื˜ 113, 135. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื’ืจ ื‘ืขืฉ”ืž 1/86 ืงื•ืงื” ื ’ ื™ื•”ืจ ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ, ืค”ื“ ืž(2) 406 ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืกื™ืง ืฉืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืฉืœื ื”ื•ื›ืจื–ื” ืข”ื™ ืžื™ ืฉื›ืฉื™ืจ ืœื›ืš, ืœืื• ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื”ื™ื. ื•ืจืื” ื’ื ืจ. ื‘ืŸ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ; ืžืขืžื“ื” ื•ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื”ืคืจืื™ืช, ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ ืœื–, 250.

[122] ืก’ 5ื ืœื—ื•ืง ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™-ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืชืฉื™”ื– – 1957

[123] ืก’ 39 ื•- ืก’ 61 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ื (ื—ืœืง ื›ืœืœื™), ืชืฉืœ”ื’ – 1973; ื•ืจืื”: ื‘ื’”ืฆ 59/80 ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืืจ-ืฉื‘ืข ื‘ืข”ืž ื ’ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืค”ื“ ืœื”(1) 828, 837.

[124] ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืจืง ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืฉื”ื•ื›ืจื–ื” ืข”ื™ ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื”ื•ืกืžืš ืœื›ืš (ืœืžืฉืœ ื•ืขื“ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื). ื ืคืกืง ืฉื’ื•ืฃ ื–ื” ื’ื ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืชืช ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฆื“ ืœืกื›ืกื•ืš ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื (ื“ื‘”ืข ืœื’/ 4-3 ืฉื˜ืจื™ืช – ืžืกืคื ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืข”ืž, ืคื“”ืข ื“ 337 , 355).

[125] J.A.Spector; Replacement and Reinstatement of Strikers in the United States, Great Britain, and Canada, 13Comparative Labor Law Journal 184, 202

[126] “ื’ืœื•ื‘ืก”, 30.12.96, ื‘ืขืž’ 2. ื•ืจืื” ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืคืกืง ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื’ืจ ื‘ืขืฉ”ืž 1/86 ืงื•ืงื” ื ’ ื™ื•”ืจ ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ืค”ื“ ืž (2) 406.

[127] The Trade Union Reform and Employment Rights Act 1993

[128] G.S. Morris; Industrial Action: Public and Private Interests, 22Industrial Law J. (1993) 194, 195

[129] B.Wilkinson; The Irish Industrial Relations Act 1990 – Corporatism and Conflict Control, 20Industrial Law J. (1991) 21.

[130] ื“ื‘”ืข ืœื–/ 4-13 ืžื•ืขืฆืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ ืจืžืช-ื’ืŸ – “ืืœืงื•” ื—ืจื•ืฉืช ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืช ืžื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ืข”ืž, ืคื“”ืข ื˜ 113, 135. ืกื™ืžื•ื›ื™ืŸ ืœื’ื™ืฉื” ืื—ืจืช ืœืคื™ื” ืœืฉื•ื‘ืชื™ื ืฉืœื ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื—ืกื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื’ื ื•ืช ืฉืžืขื ื™ืง ื”ื—ื•ืง ืœืฉื•ื‘ืชื™ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ืคืกืง ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื’ืจ ื‘ืขืฉ”ืž 1/86 ืงื•ืงื” ื ’ ื™ื•”ืจ ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ, ืค”ื“ ืž(2) 406.

[131] ืก’ 37ื ืœื—ื•ืง ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืชืฉื™”ื– – 1957.

[132] R.A. Gorman; Basic Text on Labor Law: Unionization and Collective Bargaining 349 (1976) 

[133] J.A.Spector; Replacement and Reinstatement of Strikers in the United States, Great Britain, and Canada, 13Comparative Labor Law Journal 184, 210

[134] ืก’ 24 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื™ื, ืชืฉื™”ื– – 1957

[135] ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืกืขื™ืฃ ืขื•ืœื” ืฉื”ื—ืกื™ื ื•ืช ืœื ืชื—ื•ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžืกื—ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ืœืžืฉืœ, ืืš ื”ืคืกื™ืงื” ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ื—ืกื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื›ืœืœื” ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืคืจื•ืช ืฉื ื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืžื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืื• ื”ืฉื‘ืชื” (ืข”ื 25/71 ืคื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื ’ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืจื™ ื‘ืชื™-ืกืคืจ, ืค”ื“ ื›ื”(1) 129, 131). ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ื” ื›ื–ืืช ื ื•ื’ื“ืช ืืช ืจื•ื— ื”ืคืจืฉื ื™ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืœื•ืจื“ ื“ื ื™ื ื’, ืคืกืง ืฉ”ื›ืืฉืจ ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ื”ืขื ื™ืง ื—ืกื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืจืืฉื™ ืื™ืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ื”ื•ื ืœื ื ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ืœื ื ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืคืจ ื—ื•ืง ืื• ืœื’ืจื•ื ืขื•ื•ืœ ืข”ื™ ืฉื™ื“ื•ืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืคืจ ื—ื•ื–ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ื—ืกื™ื ื•ืช … ืื™ืŸ ืœืคืจืฉ ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ื•ืœืชืช ื—ืกื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ืœืžืคืจื™ ื—ื•ืง. ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืชืช ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืกื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื. ืื—ืจืช ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื – ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ืขืกืงื™ื”ื ื‘ืฉืœื•ื – ืชื™ืคื’ืข ืžืขื‘ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ” (Express Newspapers Ltd. v. McShane [1979] I.C.R. 210). ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื”ืžื•ื–ื›ืจืช ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ ื”ื—ืกื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ื”ืคื˜ื•ืจ ืœื ื™ื—ื•ืœ ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช.

[136] ืก’ 62(ื‘) ืœืคืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ [ื ื•ืกื— ื—ื“ืฉ]

[137] ืก’ 37ื‘(ื) ืœื—ื•ืง ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืชืฉื™”ื– – 1957.

[138] ืœืคื™ ืก’ 19 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื™ื, ืชืฉื™”ื– – 1957 “ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืœื ื™ืจืื• ื›ื”ืคืจืช ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช”. ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื . ื›ื”ืŸ; ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื—ื•ื–ื™ื™ื (ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืจืžื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš) ืขืž’ 169.

[139] ืข”ื 593/81 ืžืคืขืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ืืฉื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืข”ืž ื ’ ืฆื™ื–ื™ืง, ืค”ื“ ืžื(3) 169, 194.

[140] ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื“ื•ืžื”. ืจืื”:C.T. Carlson; Reducing Strike Violence by Expanding Union Liability, 19Capital U. Law Rev. (1990) 211.

[141] F. Raday; Tort Liability For Strike Action and Third Party Right 14Is.Law Review 31, 32.

[142] ืช.ื. (ื—ื™ืคื”) 415/78, 433/78 ืคืจื™ ื˜ืขื ื‘ืข”ืž ื ’ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืงืฆื™ื ื™ ื™ื (ืœื ืคื•ืจืกื)

[143] ืข”ื 593/81 ืžืคืขืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ืืฉื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืข”ืž ื ’ ืฆื™ื–ื™ืง, ืค”ื“ ืžื(3) 169.

[144] ืจืื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจ. ื‘ืŸ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ; ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœ ื ื–ืงื™ื ืฉื ื’ืจืžื• ืขืงื‘ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื”, ืขื™ื•ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื™ื“ 149.

[145] ื . ื›ื”ืŸ; ื ื–ืงื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื”, ื”ืจืฉืœื ื•ืช ื”ื–ื“ื•ื ื™ืช, ื”ื ื–ืง ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื•ื’ืจื ื”ืคืจืช ื—ื•ื–ื”, ืขื™ื•ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื™ื“, 173, 186, 189.

[146] G.S. Morris; Industrial Action: Public and Private Interests, 22Industrial Law J. (1993) 194.

[147] B.Aaron; Unfair Labor Practices and the Right to Strike in the Public Sector: Has the National Labor Relations Act Been a Good Model, 38Stanford Law Rev. (1986) 1097, 1115. 

[148] ืก’ 93ื‘ ืœืคืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” [ื ื•ืกื— ื—ื“ืฉ], ืชืฉืœ”ื – 1971.

[149] K.L.Hanslowe, J.L.Acierno; The Law and Theory of Strikes by Government Employees, 67Cornell L.R. [1982] 1055, 1059. 

[150] 29 U.S.C. sec. 152(2)

[151] D.A.Dripps; New Directions for the Regulation of Public Employee Strikes, 60New York University Law Rev. (1985) 590, 604. 

[152] City of Cleveland v. Division 268 of Amalgamated Ass’n, 41 Ohio Op. 236, 239, 90 N.E.2d 711, 715 (1949)

[153] Norwalk Teachers Ass. v. Board of Education 138 Conn. 269, 83 A.2d 482, 485 (1951)

[154] ื‘”ืฉ 127/79 ืื‘ื•ื–ืจ ื ’ ืž”ื™ ืค”ื“ ืœื’(3) 50, 51 ื•ืจืื” ื“ื™ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื‘ืจืง, ื›ืชื•ืืจื• ืื–, ื‘ื‘”ืฉ 678/82 ื˜ื™ื™ืจ ื ’ ืž”ื™, ืค”ื“ ืœื•(3) 386, 387.

[155] Note, Private Damage Actions Against Public Sector Unions for Illegal Strikes, 91Harvard Law Rev. [1978] 1309, 1316.

[156] New York Governorโ€™s Committee on Public Employee Relations, Final Report (1966) 8-11.

[157] D.A.Dripps; New Directions for the Regulation of Public Emploee Strikes, 60N.Y. University Law Rev. (1985) 590, 599.

[158] ืž. ื’ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื’; ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืฉื ืชื•ืŸ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”’, 77, 85.

[159] R.J.Adams; Regulating Unions and Collective Bargaining: A Global, Historical Analysis of Determinants and Consequences, 14Comparative Labor Law J. (1993) 272.

[160] ืชื‘”ืข ืžื‘/ 3-237 ื’ืคืŸ – ืž”ื™, ืคื“”ืข ื™ื’ ืงื˜ื–

[161] ืž. ืžืจื•ื ื™; ืฆื•ื•ื™-ืจื™ืชื•ืง ื›ื›ืœื™ ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™-ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื, ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื, ื˜ื•, ืชืฉืž”ื•, 350.

[162] M.L.Wood; Liability and Private Causes of Action for Damages Which Result From Illegal Firefighter Strikes, 34Washington Un. J. of Urban and Contemprorary Law [1988] 231, 232.  

[163] J.I. Case Co. v. Borak, 377U.S. 426.

[164] Caso v. District Counsel 37, 43 A.D.2d 159, 350 N.Y.S.2d 173

[165] Pasadena Unified School Dist. V. Pasadena Fed’n of Teachers, 72 Cal. App. 3d 100, 110, 140Cal .Rptr. 41,47.

[166] Kansas City Firefighters Local 42, 672 S.W.2d, 109; Boyle v. Anderson Firefighters Ass’n Local 1262, 497 N.E.2d 1073. ื•ืจืื” ื’ื Note, Private Damage Actions Against Public Sector Unions for Illegal Strikes, 91Harvard Law Rev. [1978] 1309, 1317.

[167] ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื–ื” ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื”ื•ืจืื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืก’ 34 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ื (ื—ืœืง ื›ืœืœื™), ืชืฉืœ”ื’ – 1973

[168] ืœื ื›ืš ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืžืฉืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืžืฉืœื” ืžื‘ืฆืขืช ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื”ื•ืจื•ืช. ืžืื™ื“ืš ื™ืฉ ื“ืขื” ืœืคื™ื” “ื›ืœ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืฉื—ื‘ื™ื ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื›ืœืœื•ืชื•, ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืฉื—ื‘ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจ ื ืคืจื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ” Coffey v. City of Milwaukee, 74 Wis. 2d 526,540 287 N.W.2d 132,139 (1976).

[169] Note, Private Damage Actions Against Public Sector Unions for Illegal Strikes, 91Harvard Law Rev. [1978] 1309; Notes, Statutory and Common Law Considerations in Defining the Tort Liability of Public Employee Unions to Private Citizens for Damages Inflicted by Illegal Strikes, 80 Michigan Law Rev. (1982) 1271.

[170] T.Blackwood; Illegal Public Employee Strikes: Allowing a Civil Suit for Damages, 53UMKC Law Rev. (1985) 299, 308. 

[171] L. Troy; Market Forces and Union Decline: A Response to Paul Weiler, 59The U. of Chicago Law Rev. (1992) 681, 683.   ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ืงื ื“ื” ื“ื™ ื“ื•ืžื”. ืจืื”: J.B.Atleson; Law and Union Power: Thoughts on the United States and Canada, 42Buffalo Law Rev. (1994) 463.

[172] B. Amoroso; A Danish Perspective: The Impact of the Internal Market on the Labour Unions and the Welfare State, 11Comparative Labor Law J. (1990) 483, 486.

[173] B. Napier; Computerization and Employment Rights, 21Industrial Law J. (1992) 1.

[174] R. Bean; Industrial Disputes in Developing Economies and Developed Market Economies: Comparative Profiles, 15Comparative Labor Law (1993) 37, 38.

[175] ื›ืš ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื›ืจื™ื–ื” ืขืœ ืžื˜ืจื” “ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืžืขืกื™ืงื™ื ืœื ื•ืข ืžื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื™ื ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืฉื›ืจ ืืฉืจ ื™ื’ืžื•ืœ ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื•ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื•ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืœืจืฆื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืื™ื ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ื™ื ืœื ื”ืœ ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœืชื ืื™ื ื•ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขืกืงืชื•” (B. Simpson; Freedom of Association and the Right to Organize: The Failure of an Individual Rights Strategy, 24Industrial Law J. (1995) 235, 244).